Transparency and Validity in Coding Open-Ended Data for Quantitative Analysis

Open-ended data are rich sources of information in psychological research, but reporting practices differ substantially. Here, we assess current reporting practices for quantitative coding of open-ended data, provide strategies for making it more valid and reliable, and investigate questionable research practices in this area. First, we systematically examined articles in four top psychology journals and found that 21% included open-ended data coded by humans. However, only 36% of these reported sufficient details about the coding process. We propose guidelines for transparently reporting on the quantitative coding of open-ended data, informed by concerns with replicability, content validity, and statistical validity. We identify several practices that researchers can share information about, such as how units of analysis and categories were determined, whether there was a gold-standard coder, whether the test phase was masked and pre-determined, and whether there were multiple test-phases. Our data simulations indicate that a common statistic for testing reliability on open-ended data, Cohen’s kappa (κ), can become inflated when researchers use repeated test phases and manipulate categories such as by including a missing data category. To facilitate transparent and valid coding of open-ended data, we provide a pre-registration template that can be adapted for different types of studies

Pediatric Aerodigestive Medicine: Advancing Collaborative Care for Children with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

OBJECTIVES: Aerodigestive disorders encompass various pathological conditions affecting the lungs, upper airway, and gastrointestinal tract in children. While advanced care has primarily occurred in specialty centers, many children first present to general pediatric gastroenterologists with aerodigestive symptoms necessitating awareness of these conditions. At the 2021 Annual North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition meeting, the aerodigestive Special Interest Group held a full-day symposium entitled, Pediatric Aerodigestive Medicine: Advancing Collaborative Care of Children with Aerodigestive Disorders. The symposium aimed to underline the significance of a multidisciplinary approach to achieve better outcomes for these complex patients. METHODS: The symposium brought together leading experts to highlight the growing aerodigestive field, promote new scientific and therapeutic strategies, share the structure and benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing common and rare aerodigestive disorders, and foster multidisciplinary discussion of complex cases while highlighting the range of therapeutic and diagnostic options. In this article, we showcase the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to oropharyngeal dysphagia, one of the most common aerodigestive conditions, emphasizing the role of a collaborative model. CONCLUSIONS: The aerodigestive field has made significant progress and continues to grow due to a unique multidisciplinary, collaborative model of care for these conditions. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, the multidisciplinary approach has enabled and greatly improved efficient, high-quality, and evidence-based care for patients, including those with oropharyngeal dysphagia

The Like It or Not Proposition: Implications of Societal Characteristics for the Cultural Expertise and Personal Values of Organization Members

Extensive statistical discussion about societal and individual levels of analysis continues in international organizational behavior (IOB). This discussion can be improved by drawing from other social science fields, particularly anthropology, sociology, and experimental psychology. We use such literature to develop a cultural expertise and personal values or “like it or not” proposition about the implications that societal culture has for individuals. This proposition suggests that a society\u27s culture strongly shapes its members\u27 cognitive structures and moderately influences its members\u27 support for the society\u27s prevailing value orientation. We use the family of individualism and collectivism values to illustrate the differences and relationships between levels of analysis. We conclude by reconsidering how to study societal culture and psychological dimensions in IOB