A review on distribution and importance of wetlands in the perspective of India

Biodiversity is not equally distributed across the world. It depends on the type of various habitats and food availability. In these habitats, wetlands play an import role to increase the biodiversity of the particular area. Many studies have focused on various habitats to conserve biodiversity. However, the wetland studies are very few due to the lack of information on their distribution and importance. The present review focusses on the wetland status and their importance in India. India has vibrant and diverse wetland ecosystems that support immense biodiversity. The wetlands are unique habitats which provide ecological, social and economic values. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization and uncontrolled agricultural practices have pressurized to shrink the wetlands in India. The present paper highlights the wetland habitats in India with their geographical location, distribution, avian species diversity and their significance. The paper also discusses the growing threats like climate change, land-use change and agriculture/ municipal waste to the wetlands and the conservation efforts by Indian government policies, i.e. National Wetland Conservation Programme, National Environmental Policy, and National Plan for conservation of the aquatic ecosystem. In addition, on the basis of previous studies on wetlands,  it is suggested that the role of stakeholders is very much responsible for wetland conservation

Analysis Of The Anti-Oxidant And Cell Cytotoxicity Properties Of Stevia Rebaudiana Extract By Using In- Vitro Model

Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are rich source of sweet glycosides of steviol. The major glycoside, stevioside, diterpenoid glycoside--is used in India and various countries as a food sweetener for diabetic patients. Its medical use is also reported in various ailments like heart, liver, pancrease etc. Besides this it is also being used against obesity, stomach burn and to lower uric acid levels in blood. In present study the leaf extract with various extract were tested for immunomodulatry properties. We performed MTT assay to check the cell viability and cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and also calculated the Trolox equivalent values to assess the antioxidant properties of Stevia rebaudiana. . Percent cell viability values of cells were found to be more than 50 percentages with increase in concentration. At higher dose all these extract showed significant inhibitory effects on proliferation. The aqueous extracts shown the maximum value of Trolox equivalent with 1:16 dilution. It means with the increase in the concentration of extract there is substantial increase in antioxidant property or we can assume antioxidant is dose dependent. But in same time cell viability gets reduced with increase in concentration

A REVIEW ON CLEANING VALIDATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

In pharmaceutical industry there are some possibilities of contamination and cross-contamination because of improper cleaning of equipment, apparatus, processing area or the starting material, this can lead to severe hazards, therefore in pharmaceutical industry we can’t afford any contamination as well as cross contamination. This can be minimized by proper cleaning of equipment, apparatus as well as the processing area. TheIndustry wants to achieve these main goals with the help of GMP. This review focused on the different types of cleaning process adapted by pharmaceutical industry, how the process of cleaning validation is done. In the cleaning validation different critical parameter, factor, material and critical process are monitored and validated so that the cleaning consistency can be achieved and documented accordingly. Keywords: Cleaning validation, contamination, clean in place, clean out of place, swab sampling, worst cas

Diisopropyl 1-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitro­phen­yl)-1,4-dihydro­pyridine-3,5-dicarboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C28H32N2O7, the 1,4-dihydro­pyridine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation. The two benzene rings are approximately perpendicular to the dihydro­pyridine ring, forming dihedral angles of 84.29 (9) and 82.96 (9)° with the mean plane of the 1,4-dihydro­pyridine unit, whereas the ester groups are only slightly twisted relative to this plane, with dihedral angles of 10.6 (1) and 9.0 (1)°

Effect of native strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and yield of Isabgol (Plantago ovata)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth promotion in isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) with native rhizobacteria strains (ISB-2, ISB-5, ISB-8, ISB-9, ISB-10, ISB-125, ISB-15 and ISB-28) isolated from the rhizospheric soils collected from western semi-arid region of India. These isolates were tested for their indole acetic acid production, insoluble phosphate solubilization and ability to promote germination of isabgol seeds under controlled conditions. Three rhizobacterial isolates (IBS-5, IBS-9 and IBS-28) were found promising towards enhancing the growth and yield of isabgol plants. The isolate ISB-5 was identified as Azotobacter vinelandii, ISB-9 as Pseudomonas stutzeri, and ISB-28 as Bacillus aryabhattai based upon their biochemical and molecular characterization. The highest seedling vigour index was recorded for B. aryabhattai (316.52±3.02) followed by A. vinelandii (310.22±7.56) and the lowest seedling vigour was recorded with ISB-10 which was found to be at par with control. The maximum shoot dry weight at harvest was recorded with B. aryabhattai (2.33g) being at par with P. stutzeri and the minimum shoot dry weight was for control. The highest seed yield per plant (0.72 g) was observed with B. aryabhattai followed by A. vinelandii (0.61 g)

(E)-3-(Furan-2-yl)-1-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C14H12O3, the prop-2-en-1-one unit forms dihedral angles of 12.96 (5) and 7.89 (7)° with the 4-meth­oxy­phenyl group and the furan ring, respectively. The furan and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 8.56 (5)°. In the crystal, C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions are observed between the benzene and heterocyclic rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.760 (1) Å]

Cross-genera transferability of rice and finger millet genomic SSRs to barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.)

Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.) is an important crop from nutritional point of view, nevertheless, the genetic information is very scarce. In the present investigation, rice and finger millet genomic SSRs were used for assessing cross transferability, identification of polymorphic markers, syntenic regions, genetic diversity and population structure analysis of barnyard millet genotypes. We observed 100% cross transferability for finger millet SSRs, of which 91% were polymorphic, while 71% of rice markers were cross transferable with 48% polymorphic out of them. Twenty-nine and sixteen highly polymorphic finger millet and rice SSRs yielded a mean of 4.3 and 3.38 alleles per locus in barnyard millet genotypes, respectively. The PIC values varied from 0.27 to 0.73 at an average of 0.54 for finger millet SSRs, whereas it was from 0.15 to 0.67 at an average of 0.44 for rice SSRs. High synteny was observed for markers related to panicle length, yield-related traits, spikelet fertility, plant height, root traits, leaf senescence, blast and brown plant hopper resistance. Although the rice SSRs located on chromosome 10 followed by chromosome 6 and 11 were found to be more transferable to barnyard millet, the finger millet SSRs were more polymorphic and transferable to barnyard millet genotypes. These SSR data of finger millet and rice individually as well as combined together grouped the 11 barnyard millet genotypes into 2 major clusters. The results of population structure analysis were similar to cluster analysis

(E)-N′-{7-Meth­oxy­spiro­[chromeno[4,3-d]thia­zole-4,1′-cyclo­hexa­n]-2-yl}-N,N-dimethyl­acetimidamide

In the chromenothia­zole ring system of the title mol­ecule, C20H25N3O2S, the pyran ring is in a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the thia­zole and benzene rings is 14.78 (6)°. The cyclo­hexane ring is in a chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Does crop diversity contribute to dietary diversity? Evidence from integration of vegetables into maize-based farming systems

Background: Maize is the most important staple crop for food security and livelihood of smallholder farmers in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, but it alone cannot ensure food security. Cropping patterns must be diversified to ensure an adequate supply and economic access to greater variety of foods for smallholder farm households. This study measured the effect of crop diversification on household dietary diversity in a selected study locale using a survey of 300 randomly stratified farm households in 10 villages located in the Babati, Kongwa and Kiteto districts of Tanzania. Results: Based on multiple regression analysis, the study found that simply increasing Simpson’s Index does not influence dietary diversity of farm households due to the presence of interaction effect between Simpson’s Index and crop income. It is much more critical and significant to increase the revenue generated from diversified crops along with other socioeconomic endowment and behavioral characteristics of farm households. This is particularly applicable to poorer smallholder farmers who receive crop income less than US$85 per sales transaction and per season. Particularly, marginal and smallholders might be exposed to the effects of crop diversification and crop income toward increasing in their household dietary diversity score. Conclusion: Under average crop income scenarios, households that diversify their crop production tend to increase their dietary diversity from their existing dietary diversity score at a decreasing rate. However, under below average crop income threshold scenarios, farmers tend to increase their dietary diversity score from their existing score at an increasing rate when they diversify into high-value crops that attract relatively high farm gate values and accrue higher net revenues from the market. Monthly food expenditure also tends to positively influence household dietary diversity, indicating that farm households that spend more on market-purchased food have consistent increases in their dietary diversity scores at the household level. This study concludes that improving economic access to variety of foods at the smallholder household level by diversifying diets through increased crop diversification should be encouraged within maize-based farming systems of the study locale, through integration of micronutrient-rich foods such as vegetables