Podstawa rekonstrukcji treści klauzul generalnych. Przykład zasad współżycia społecznego

The problems associated with the use of general clauses on the reconstruction of the normative basis for decisions applying the law is a question often research undertaken by the doctrine. Past publications do not cover the complex issues of reconstruction base content of general clauses based on specific non-legal reference. This article is an attempt to present the above mentioned issues with regard to the principle of social coexistence. Word recall what they are introducing general clauses, how they should be interpreted and determine their content. Problem arising directly from the introduction of a discussion of the expression of the general clause in the system of laws, which directly affects the content of this reference, and how to interpret it. Key considerations article are issues related to the operation of general clauses in the law of the public and private sectors. In support of each of the thesis I present examples of judicial decisions.Problematyka związana ze stosowaniem klauzul generalnych przy rekonstrukcji normatywnej podstawy decyzji stosowania prawa jest zagadnieniem badawczym podejmowanym często przez doktrynę. Dotychczasowe publikacje nie omawiają kompleksowo tematyki podstawy rekonstrukcji treści klauzul generalnych w oparciu o konkretne odesłanie pozaprawne. Opracowanie jest próbą przedstawienia powyżej wymienionych zagadnień z uwzględnieniem zasady współżycia społecznego. Słowem wprowadzenia przypominam, czym są klauzule generalne, jak należy je interpretować oraz ustalać ich treść. Zagadnieniem wynikającym bezpośrednio z wprowadzenia jest omówienie sposobu wyrażenia klauzuli generalnej w systemie przepisów prawa, co wpływa bezpośrednio na treść tego odesłania i sposób jego interpretacji. Kluczowymi rozważaniami artykułu są zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem klauzul generalnych w prawie publicznym i prywatnym. Na poparcie każdej tezy przedstawiam przykłady z orzecznictwa sądowego

Obesity among women. Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: a qualitative review

Abstract Bariatric surgery is a safe and most effective method of achieving substantial long-term weight loss. Surgery should be considered in case of all patients with a BMI of more than 40kg/m2 and for those with a BMI of over 35kg/m2 with obesity-related co-morbidities, after conventional treatment failure. The most frequently used procedures in surgical treatment of obesity, performed mostly laparoscopically, are restrictive operations limiting energy intake by reducing gastric capacity (vertical banded gastroplasty, adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy) and restrictive/ malabsorptive surgeries also inducing decreased absorption of nutrients by shortening the functional length of the small intestine (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Frequent complications following surgery may include hyperemesis, intragastric band migration, gastric perforation, nutritional deficiencies, anastomotic leak, bleeding, anastomotic stricture, internal hernia, wound infection. It is generally recommended for women after bariatric surgery to wait approximately at least 12 months before becoming pregnant. There exists considerable threat that rapid weight loss (relative starvation phase) may be unhealthy for a mother and a baby. Pregnancy after weight loss surgery is not only safe for the mother and the baby but may also be less risky than pregnancy in morbidly obese patients. Postoperative nutrient supplementation and close supervision before, during, and after pregnancy adjusted to individual requirements of a woman can help to prevent nutrition-related complications such as deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate and calcium, and improve maternal and fetal health

Efficacy and safety of Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa) in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms – review of clinical trials

Abstract The occurrence of vasomotor symptoms in women is directly related to deficiency of estrogen, which occurs as a result of natural or surgical menopause. Hot flushes may also be a major problem for patients with a history of breast cancer, as they may result directly from cancer treatment (oophorectomy, chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure or adjuvant tamoxifen citrate therapy). Despite the lack of reliable data regarding their efficacy and safety, in recent years the usage of herbs among menopausal women has increased dynamically all over the world. The following paper reviews professional literature about Black Cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa), either used alone or in combination with other medicinal herbs administered in management of vasomotor symptoms. Extracts of the rootstock of Black cohosh contain such potentially biologically active constituents as triterpene glycosides (actein, cimicifugoside, deoxyacetein), isoferulic acid and alkaloids (n-methylcytisine). The mechanism of its action remains unclear. Some authors suggest that Black Cohosh contains substances with selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity. Recent data has demonstrated that Black Cohosh may have an effect on dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems. Thirty-two papers formed the basis for this review. Openlabel, noncomparative studies, as well as treatment-controlled, randomized, open trials, have proven that Black Cohosh significantly reduced frequency or severity of hot flashes. The results of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials were contradictory. Adverse symptoms have been rare (5,4%), mild and reversible. Most of them included gastrointestinal upsets, rashes, headaches, dizziness and mastalgia. Nevertheless, single cases of serious adverse events, including acute hepatocellular damage, have been reported, but without a clear causality relationship

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic overview of cohort studies with meta-analysis

Objective: Despite numerous studies assessing the risk of preterm birth in obese women compared with normal weight patients, the scope of the association remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a systematic overview and meta-analysis to summarize the available evidence from cohort studies on the relationship between maternal obesity and the risk of preterm birth. Methods: We searched bibliographic database: MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE for all relevant articles, with no language restrictions, which were published from January 1990 to September 2010, using a combination of the following search terms: maternal obesity or high body mass index (BMI) and preterm birth or pregnancy outcome. Crude odds ratios (OR) for individual outcomes were calculated for each study and were pooled by using the random-effects model. Results: Twenty seven studies proved eligible under the selection criteria. The crude OR of preterm birth were 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 1.30], 1.28 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.75) and 1.11 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.25) among obese, severely obese and morbidly obese women, respectively, compared with normal weight women. We found an elevated risk of induced preterm birth among obese (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.04), severely obese (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.18) and morbidly obese pregnants (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.07) but a reduction in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth: OR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.20), OR=0.85 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.31) and OR=0.77 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.99), respectively. Obese women, independently of category the of obesity, also are at a higher risk of very preterm delivery (

Oczekiwania uczniów i ich rodziców związane z edukacją onkologiczną = The expectations of school students and their parents regarding oncological education

Charzyńska-Gula Marianna, Kanadys Małgorzata, Janczaruk Marzena, Szadowska-Szlachetka Zdzisława. Oczekiwania uczniów i ich rodziców związane z edukacją onkologiczną = The expectations of school students and their parents regarding oncological education. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(6):407-418. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18908http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%286%29%3A407-418https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/570209http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18908Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 21.04.2015. Revised 28.05.2015. Accepted: 24.06.2015. Oczekiwania uczniów i ich rodziców związane z edukacją onkologicznąThe expectations of school students and their parents regarding oncological education Marianna Charzyńska-Gula1, Małgorzata Kanadys2, Marzena Janczaruk3, Zdzisława Szadowska-Szlachetka1 1.       Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie / Department of Oncology and Community Health Care, Medical University of Lublin2.       Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Katedrze Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie / Student Research Club at the Department of Oncology and Community Health Care, Medical University of Lublin3.       Centrum Onkologii Ziemi Lubelskiej / St John's Oncology Centre in Lublin Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondencedr n. med. Marianna Charzyńska-Gula / Marianna Charzyńska-Gula, MD, [email protected] Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Świadomość istnienia czynników ryzyka powodujących powstanie choroby nowotworowej to bardzo znaczący element w walce z rakiem. Odpowiednie postawy i zachowania mogą w dużej mierze zapobiec rozwojowi choroby a także ograniczyć jej poważne następstwa. Szkolna edukacja onkologiczna to zadanie nowoczesnej profilaktyki chorób nowotworowych.Cel pracy: poznanie opinii uczniów i ich rodziców na temat realizacji w szkole edukacji onkologicznej.Materiał i metoda: Badano grupę 105 gimnazjalistów z miejskich i wiejskich gimnazjów oraz ich rodziców w liczbie 103 osób. Zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z autorskim narzędziem w postaci kwestionariusza ankiety. Analizę ilościową przeprowadzono wykorzystując test U Manna-Whitneya oraz test jednorodności i niezależności Chi2 (χ2).Wyniki badań: Rodziców częściej niż młodzież interesują zagadnienia dotyczące profilaktyki chorób nowotworowych, a także niepokojących objawów, natomiast dla młodzieży ważniejsza jest etiologia tych chorób. Dla rodziców najważniejszym źródłem informacji na temat chorób nowotworowych jest pielęgniarka szkolna (ok. 58%), natomiast taką pozycję nadaje jej tylko ok. 18% uczniów. Siebie jako dobre źródło tych informacji uznaje ok. 50% badanych rodziców co nie znajduje potwierdzenia w opinii ich dzieci (ok. 19%). Opinie nt. form przekazu wiedzy onkologicznej były podobne a największa różnica dotyczyła rozmowy i pogadanki – uczniowie cenią je mniej niż rodzice. Młodzież – w przeciwieństwie do rodziców - uważa, że wiedza onkologiczna nie powinna być sprawdzana, ponieważ jest to sprawa indywidualna każdego ucznia. Młodzież częściej niż rodzice uważa, że skuteczność edukacji zależy od osoby edukowanej i jej stosunku do edukacji, a nie od sposobu przekazywanej wiedzy (ok.75%).Wnioski: Mimo, że respondentami byli członkowie tych samych rodzin, to opinie dotyczące szkolnej edukacji onkologicznej w znacznej części były wyraźnie różne. Różnice te dowodzą potrzeby wprowadzenie do szkół programowych elementów informacji o nowotworach uwzględniających jednak dwie grupy odbiorców – uczniów i ich rodziców. Słowa kluczowe: szkoła, edukacja onkologiczna, uczniowie, rodzice. Abstract Background: The awareness of cancer risk factors is a crucial factor in combatting cancer. The right approaches and behaviour can largely contribute to preventing cancer development and limiting its serious consequences. Oncological education at school is one of the objectives of modern cancer prevention.Objective: To recognise the opinions of students and their parents on the implementation of oncological education at school.Material and methods: The survey included 105 lower-secondary school students from urban and rural areas and 103 of their parents. The diagnostic survey method was applied with the use of the questionnaire prepared by the authors. The quantitative analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney test and the Chi2 (χ2) homogeneity and independence test.Results: The parents more often than their children were interested in issues associated with cancer prevention and identifying alarming symptoms, while for the young people the etiology of neoplastic diseases was of central importance. For the parents the major source of information on neoplasms was the school nurse (approx. 58%), while the percentage of the students sharing the same opinion was only 18%. Approx. 50% of the surveyed parents considered themselves a good source of information on the issue, which, however, was not confirmed in their children's opinions (approx. 19%). The views on the forms of communicating oncological knowledge were similar, and the most substantial difference referred to conversations and lectures, which were valued by the students lower than by their parents. The young people, contrary to their parents, claimed that knowledge on oncology should not be tested as it is a private matter of each student. The students more often than their parents claimed that the effectiveness of education depends on the person receiving it rather than on the method of communicating knowledge (approx. 75%).Conclusions: Despite the fact that the respondents belonged to the same families, their opinions on oncological education at school differed considerably. The differences demonstrate the need to include in school curricula the elements of knowledge on neoplasms for two separate groups of recipients – students and their parents. Key words: school, oncological education, school students, parents

Predictors of the quality of life of women in peri-menopausal period

Introduction The peri-menopausal period is the time of many biological, psychological and social changes. The quality of life of women in this period may be conditioned by many factors, and analysis of these factors may indicate the optimum directions of prophylactic and educational actions. Objective Analysis of selected predictive factors of the quality of life of women in the peri-menopausal period. Material and Methods The study covered 268 peri-menopausal women. The qualification criteria were: age 45–55, lack of mental disorders and diseases requiring hospitalization during the period of study. The study was conducted using standardized instruments: Women’s Health Questionnaire – WHQ, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and an author-constructed questionnaire. Results The presented study of the quality of life showed that the women examined felt physically unattractive, lacking the full joy of life, and frequently experienced somatic complaints. Nevertheless, the respondents enjoyed life, had no constant feeling of anxiety and concern. Multi-factor analysis showed that the quality of life in the group of women in the study was affected by the following factors: level of depression, self-reported state of health, occurrence of menopausal symptoms, education level, and marital status. Conclusions The quality of life of the peri-menopausal women examined was the highest with respect to depressive mood (DEP) and anxiety/depressed mood (ANX), while it was the lowest with respect to the sense of attractiveness (ATT), and somatic symptoms (SOM). In addition, in the group of women in peri-menopausal period the quality of life was conditioned: level of depression, self-reported state of health, occurrence of menopausal symptoms, education level, and marital status

Street Art in Krakow between 2011 and 2013

Przedstawienie Street artu w Krakowie w latach 2011-2013, w oparciu o następujące techniki: mural, szablon, vlepka,.The thesis is description of Street art in Krakow between 2011-2013

Evaluation of Clinical Meaningfulness of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Extract to Relieve Hot Flushes and Menopausal Symptoms in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The meta-analysis presented in this article covered the efficacy of red clover isoflavones in relieving hot flushes and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Studies were identified by MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library searches. The quality of the studies was evaluated according to Cochrane criteria. A meta-analysis of eight trials (ten comparisons) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the daily incidence of hot flushes in women receiving red clover compared to those receiving placebo: weighted mean difference (WMD—weighted mean difference) −1.73 hot flushes per day, 95% CI (confidence interval) −3.28 to −0.18; p = 0.0292. Due to 87.34% heterogeneity, the performed analysis showed substantive difference in comparisons of postmenopausal women with ≥5 hot flushes per day, when the follow-up period was 12 weeks, with an isoflavone dose of ≥80 mg/day, and when the formulations contained a higher proportion of biochanin A. The meta-analysis of included studies assessing the effect of red clover isoflavone extract on menopausal symptoms showed a statistically moderate relationship with the reduction in the daily frequency of hot flushes. However, further well-designed studies are required to confirm the present findings and to finally determine the effects of red clover on the relief of flushing episodes