Frequently Encountered Animal Diseases at Animal Hospital Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State - Nigeria

Data from the clinical record of the Animal Hospital Birnin Kebbi was used to determine the frequency of occurrence of various diseases of animals from February 2009 to January 2010. A total of 794 cases were presented. 155 (19.5%) for routine check and vaccination, while the bulk 639 (80.5%)were presented as a result of disease conditions. Diseases diagnosed include; helminthoses 141(22%), followed by fowl pox 65(10.2%), lousiness 61(9.5%), traumatic injuries 46(7.2%), enteritis 32(5.0%), upper respiratory tract infection 29(4.5%), mite/mange 24(3.8%), septicemia22(3.4%), bloat 19(3.0%), and abscess 17(2.7%). Other moderately occurring, disorders included dystocia & post partum complications 14(2.2%) each, mal-directed horn/hooves 12(1.9%), tick infestation 10(1.6%), coccidiosis 9(1.4%), fracture 8(1.3%), hernia, PPR, pregnancy toxemia & castration 7(1.1%) each. Poisoning, infectious coryza, arthritis, rumen impaction & vaginal prolapse were 6(0.9%) each, pneumonia and mastitis 5(0.8%) each. The less occurring disorders included urinarytract infection, Gumboro disease, black leg, abortion, paraphimosis & dog bite 4(0.6%) each. Rhinitis & chronic respiratory diseases 3(0.5%) each, Foot and Mouth disease, New castle disease, cowdriosis, and hygroma numbering 2(0.3%) each. The least occurring disorders were Fowltyphoid, dislocation, trypanasomosis, pyometra, orf, stomatitis, grass tetany, canine distemper, atresia ani and rectal prolapse 1(0.2%) case each. Information generated can be useful to Government agencies involved in formulating policies and guidelines for prevention andcontrol of animal diseases

Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Fura Da Nono Produced in Kebbi State, Nigeria

Fura da Nono is a nutritious and refreshing drink made from fermented milk and ground millet grains. In this study, the microbiology of traditional and small-scale industrial production of Fura da Nono in Birnin Kebbi and Jega was investigated. Samples of Fura da Nono were collected from Birnin Kebbi emir’s palace, Mini Factory JEGA and a local hawker in Jega. Food borne and spoilage pathogens were identified based on their colonial morphology, gram staining reaction and series of biochemical tests. Viable colony counts, coliform test, fungal analysis and pH test were also conducted. The results revealed the highest average count of 1.25×108 cfu/ml in the samples  collected from local hawker while Birnin Kebbi emir’s palace had the lowest average count of 8.3×105 cfu/ml. The bacteria identified in Fura da Nono were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli. The fungi isolated were  Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highest pH (6.8) was recorded in the sample obtained from local hawker and the lowest (3.1) from the Birnin Kebbi emir’s palace. The study showed the presence of food borne and spoilage pathogens in Fura da Nono which indicates poor hygienic practices during production. Therefore, in order to produce commercial Furada Nono either at large or small-scale quantity, it is necessary to improve the acceptability, microbiological stability and hygiene of the product

Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria

Tsetse fly and trypanosome prevalence in ruminants were estimated in April and August, peak months of the dry and rainy seasons in the Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) of Kaduna State, North Central Nigeria. This study was subsequent to reports of seasonal outmigration of semi nomadic Fulani from the grazing reserve due to death of cattle from trypanosomosis. Result of blood samples showed an overall parasitological infection rate of 17.4%. Infection rates in cattle, sheep and goats were, 18.6%, 9.5% and 5.1% respectively. Over all higher infection rate in the rainy season was attributed to abundance of tsetse and other hematophagus flies. Infection rate in younger animals (21.9%) was higher compared to those of older animals (16.5%). Trypanosoma vivax was the dominant infecting trypanosome specie followed by T. congolense and T. brucei.It was concluded that tsetse fly and trypanosomosis constituted dual plagues limiting economic livestock production and settling of the pastoralists in the grazing reserve. This warrants application of sustainable integrated control measures to enhance utilization of abundant fodder at the reserve.Key words: Kachia grazing reserve, trypanosomosis, ruminants, infection rates, Nigeria. Resultat de l'enquete de trypanosomose extension de 2004 des ruminants a la reserve de piscine Kachia, Nigeria Centrale du NordLa prévalence de la mouche tsé-tsé et du trypanosome chez les ruminants a été estimée en avril et août, les mois de pointe des saisons secanes et pluvieuses dans la réserve de pâturage de Kachia (KGR) de l'État de Kaduna, dans le nord du centre du Nigeria. Cette étude a été postérieure à des rapports d'émigration saisonnière de Fulani semi-nomades provenant de la réserve de pâturage en raison de la mort de bovins de la trypanosomose. Le résultat des échantillons de sang a montré un taux global d'infection parasitaire de 17,4%. Les taux d'infection chez les bovins, les ovins et les chèvres étaient respectivement de 18,6%, 9,5% et 5,1%. Le taux d'infection plus élevé pendant la saison des pluies a été attribué à l'abondance de mouches tsé-tsé et d'autres mouches hématophobes. Le taux d'infection chez les animaux plus jeunes (21,9%) était plus élevé par rapport à ceux des animaux plus âgés (16,5%). Trypanosoma vivax était le trypanosome infectant dominant suivi de T. congolense et T. brucei.On a conclu que la mouche tsé-tsé et la trypanosomose constituaient des fléaux doubles limitant la production d'élevage économique et la colonisation des pasteurs dans la réserve de pâturage. Cela justifie l'application de mesures de contrôle intégrées durables pour améliorer l'utilisation de fourrages abondants dans la réserve.Mots clés: réserve de pâturage de Kachia, trypanosomose, ruminants, taux d'infection, Nigeri

Effects of ash removal by agitated aqueous washing and sedimentation on the physico-chemical characteristics and fast pyrolysis of trommel fines

A pre-treated trommel fines feedstock (DPT) with 35.1 wt% ash content and particle size range of 0.5–2 mm was processed through two (100% distilled water and 1% surfactant in distilled water) aqueous agitated washing and sedimentation procedures for ash reduction prior to fast pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The washing process led to more than 36% reduction in the ash/inorganic contents of the DPT feedstock and yielded about 78 wt% of organic-rich feedstocks denoted as WPT1 and WPT2. Characterisation and fast pyrolysis of all three feedstocks was carried out to evaluate the effect of the washing process on their physico-chemical characteristics and yields of fast pyrolysis products. Results showed that the ash reduction led to increase in the volatile matter contents of the washed feedstocks by 20%, while reducing nitrogen contents. In addition, fast pyrolysis of the feedstocks showed improved yield of liquid and gas products, with a dramatic reduction of reaction water, indicating that the ash removal reduced the catalytic effect of the ash on water formation during the fast pyrolysis process. The major organic compounds in the liquid products included phenols and furans from biogenic fraction of the feedstock as well as aromatic hydrocarbons such as those obtained from pyrolysis of plastics. More importantly, the overall energy yields from the fast pyrolysis process increased by over 35% after washing the feedstock, with washing with only distilled water alone giving the highest energy yield of 93%. Hence, coupling the water-washing ash reduction process with fast pyrolysis appeared to be a suitable technology for valorising feedstocks with high ash contents such as trommel fines for energy and chemicals

Energy recovery by fast pyrolysis of pre-treated trommel fines derived from a UK-based MSW material recycling facility

In this experimental study, a physically pre-treated trommel fines feedstock, containing 44 wt% non-volatiles (ash and fixed carbon) and 56 wt% volatile matter (dry basis), was subjected to fast pyrolysis to recover energy from its organic load, using a 300 g h−1 bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) fast pyrolysis rig. A physical pre-treatment method (including crushing, grinding and sieving) was used to prepare a 0.5–2 mm sized trommel fines feedstock to make it suitable for fast pyrolysis in the BFB reactor. Experimental results from the fast pyrolysis process showed that the highest yield of organic liquid was obtained at around a temperature of 500 °C. However, both char and gas yields increased dramatically at temperatures above 500 °C, as a result of enhanced cracking of organic vapours, which reduced the yield of liquid products. Overall, energy recovery from the pyrolysis products (liquid and gas products as well as char pot residues) ranged from 63 to 70%, generally increasing with temperature. A large proportion of the high ash content (36 wt%) of the feedstock was found in the char pot (>62%), while smaller proportions were found in the reactor bed and some liquid products. The char pot ash residues composed mostly of non-hazardous earth materials and may be applied in bulk construction materials e.g. cement manufacture. Although, there was no problem with the pyrolysis rig during 1 h of operation, longer periods of operation would require periodic removal of accumulated solid residues and/or char pot modification to ensure continuous rig operation and process safety

Trypanosomosis in hunting dogs in kaduna, north central Nigeria: implications on the disease in humans

A parasitological survey of hunting dogs during the month of August, peak of rainy season, was carried out in Kaduna, North Central Nigeria using the standard trypanosome detection techniques and concentration methods. This was with the view of assessing the socio-economic importance and public health implications of canine trypanosomosis in the area. About 3mls of cephalic blood was collected into Bijou bottles containing ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulant. Identification of trypanosome, was done using Giemsa stained films. The over all infection rate in the hunting dogs was 17.39%. The infection due to trypanosome brucei (75%) was higher compared to infection due to T. congolense (25%), while the packed cell volume of infected dogs was significantly (P≤0.05) lower than that of parasitogically negative ones. The study confirms the resurgence of canine trypanosomosis in Nigeria and the roles of dogs as reservoir hosts for hunting infective T. brucei gambiense in the area. It was concluded that hunting occupation predisposes to human trypanosomosis in Nigeria. Keywords: Hunting dogs, Trypanosomosis, infection rate, Nigeria. Journal of Biomedical Investigation Vol. 4 (1) 2006: pp. 15-1

Seasonal Variation in Trypanosomosis Rates in Small Ruminants at the Kaduna Abattoir, Nigeria

Seasonal variation in trypanosome parasitological infection rates in small ruminants was studied at the Kaduna Central abattoir, North Central Nigeria. Blood samples were obtained at slaughter from 320 goats and 209 sheep during the dry and rainy seasons and examined using the Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique, Buffy coat method and Giemsa stained blood smears. The packed cell volume of the animals were also obtained. The over all trypanosome infection rate in all small ruminants was 2.10%. Infection rates in sheep and goats were 2.39% and 1.88% respectively. The infection rates were higher in rainy season than the dry season while Trypanosoma vivax was the dominant infecting trypanosome in all the ruminants followed by T. congolense and T. brucei. Infection rates observed here were relatively high and confirmed the resurgence of animal trypanosomosis in the country and its threat to sustainable livestock production

Impact of trypanosomosis on food security in Nigeria: A review

No Abstract. Animal Production Research Avancees Vol. 3 (3) 2007: pp. 191-19

Comparative Studies of the Curing and Hardening Process of Soaps Produced From Locally Processed Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

This paper presents a comparative study of the curing and hardening processes of five soaps produced from Nigerian local oils (Palm oil, Palm-kernel Oil, Groundnut oil, Shea-butter oil and Tallow oil). The curing process was investigated by drying the soap samples under natural conditions and obtaining their daily moisture loss for duration of 21 days.  Hardness tests based on the Brinell Hardness Methodology was conducted using a locally improvised manual indenter with a test load of 6.585kgf or 64.553N.  Graphical plots of the moisture loss versus a one day time interval showed that all the soaps exhibited similar behaviour in the curing process, characterized by exponential decay in the rate of moisture loss.  Superimposition of the curves into one graph showed very close fitting between the curves, indicating that the rates of moisture loss are very close. Graphs of the hardening process of the soaps showed that there are similarities in the hardening behaviour of the soaps with the curves exhibiting two hardening regions, a region of non-linear hardening and a region of constant hardening. Results showed that the hardness of the soaps varies in this order:  tallow (1.88 HN) >shea butter (0.3 HN) >palm kernel (0.25 HN >palm Oil (0.15 HN) > groundnut oil (0.13 HN). Cite as: Mohammed UF, Akeeb NA, Kalgo YB. Comparative studies of the curing and hardening process of soaps produced from locally processed saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alger. J. Eng. Technol. 2021, 5:1-8.  http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5525420 References Kuntom, A., W.L. Siew and V.A. Tan. Characterisation of Palm acid oil. Journal of American Oil and Chemical Society. 1994:71:525-528. Gunstone, F.D., J.L. Harwod and F.B. Padley. The Lipid Handbook. Chapman and Hall Limited, London. 1986:236-261. Kevin, M.D. (2007). The Water Discount. Journal of Handcrafter Soap Makers Guild, Issue 2008-2. Synthesis of Soap. [Online]. Available from: http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem122m/L06U00Soap122.htm. (Accessed: February 24th 2021]. Zauro, S.A., et al. Production and Analysis of Soaps using Locally Available Raw Materials. Alixir Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2016:l(96):41479-41483 Basic Properties of Engineering Materials [Online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZ_UqgMps9I. [Accessed: January 5th, 2020]. Determining Material Properties through Testing. [Online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liiopCScMcK. [Accessed: July 19th, 2019]. What is Soap? [Online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_u4zP5s9is.[Accessed: 21st, February, 2021