Knowledge and Practice Gap for Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent School Girls of Tribal District of Maharashtra, India: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: Hygiene-related practices of adolescents during menstruation are of importance, as poor hygiene might increase vulnerability to reproductive tract infections (RTI). Therefore, increased knowledge about menstruation right from childhood may escalate safe practices and may help in mitigating the suffering of women.Aims and Objectives: (1) To assess the knowledge and practices about menstrual hygiene among school going adolescent girls. (2) To evaluate health seeking behaviour among the study subjects.Methodology: This was a cross sectional study done in three randomly selected Government High Schools in tribal District Palghar from Jan-Feb 2018. A pre-designed, pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used. Data were compiled in an Excel sheet and were analysed by using EPI info statistical software (version2.3.1).Results: A total of 277 girls were interviewed, the mean age was 14 years. Majority of girls were aware about menstruation prior to the attainment of menarche. Mothers were first informant in about 69.6% girls. But correct reason and source of bleeding was not known to most of respondents. Overall 63.8% adolescent girls were using sanitary napkins as menstrual absorbent while 36.1%were using old used cloth and 13.7%were using both.Conclusion: There is need to educate the girls about menstruation, its importance and hygiene maintenance so as to enable them to have healthy and productive life in future

A Cross Sectional Study of General and Maternal Morbidities among Female Sex Workers of a Metro City

Introduction: Globally the issues of morbidity among female sex workers are major concerns but mostly have been neglected.Objective: To study the general and maternal health morbidities among female sex workers.Material & Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in a red-light area of metro city with the help of a local NGO. Using Purposive sampling method, each female sex worker was interviewed individually by a resident doctor with nonbiased, non-provocative, non-judgmental interview technique.Results: The mean age of 99 respondent was 29.3 years and 69.2% were migrated from West Bengal and Orissa. 78% were sold by their Husband and family members. The mean age at which they have started sex work was found to be 17.6 years. Current study noted 63.64% female sex workers were mother which is in correspondence with different researchers finding. Home deliveries and early weaning was reported by respondents. 63% females reported musculoskeletal pain, 54% with itching and rashes over body and 45% reported weakness, in addition 38% delineate vaginal discharge and 34% pain in lower abdomen which suggestive of sexual transmitted diseases.Conclusion: The high prevalence of health conditions is found in female sex workers demands urgent actions

Detour spectrum and detour energy of conjugate graph complement of dihedral group

Study of graph from a group has become an interesting topic until now. One of the topics is spectra of a graph from finite group. Spectrum of a finite graph is defined as collection of all distinct eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicity of its matrix. The most related topic in the study of spectrum of finite graph is energy. Energy of a finite graph is defined as sum of absolute value of all its eigenvalues. In this paper, we study the spectrum and energy of detour matrix of conjugate graph complement of dihedral group. The main result is presented as theorems with complete proof

On the distance spectrum and distance energy of complement of subgroup graphs of dihedral group

Let G is a connected simple graph and V(G) = {v1, v2, ..., vp} is vertex set of G. The distance matrix of G is a matrix D(G) = [d ij ] of order p where [d ij ] = d(v i , v j ) is distance between v i and v j in G. The set of all eigenvalues of matrix D(G) together with their corresponding multiplicities is named the distance spectrum of G and denoted by spec D (G). The distance energy of G is ${E}_{D}(G)={\sum }_{i=1}^{p}|{\lambda }_{i}|$, where λi are eigenvalues of D(G). In the recent paper, the distance spectrum and distance energy of complement of subgroup graphs of dihedral group are determined

Pattern of injuries and death sustained by the occupants of the two-wheeler during road traffic accidents

Aims: To highlight the various causative factors and to suggest preventive measures so as to save precious human lives from the man – made calamities. Materials & Methods: In the present study, total 150 road traffic accident cases were admitted at Al Ameen Medical College Hospital& Civil Hospital, Bijapur, from Nov 2005 to May 2007. Out of 150 RTA vitims, 132 were male & 18 were females. Results: Of the 150 RTA males were in majority and in the age group of 20-40 years, were either students or businessmen. Of the 18 females, all were students in the age group of 5-20 years. All the RTA were from two wheelers of which majority were using motocycles of Yamaha RX 100 bike followed by Pulsar bike. In this study of 150 victims 57 died on the spot, rest 93 survived for awhile after the accident and all of them died either in the hospital (50%) or while shifting to the hospital (6%) The survival time ranged from 15 minutes to 16 days. Conclusions: Incidence was more common among the two–wheeler vehicle driver. Head was the commonest site to be injured in road traffic accident. Skull bone fracture was the commonest fracture in road traffic accident cases followed by femur. Among skull bone fracture, temporal bone commonly involved. Subdural hemorrhage was the commonest hemorrhage and laceration of brain tissue was highest among all brain tissue injury. Liver and lung involvement was highest among internal organ injuries. Overall fatality was 27.11% and it was more in female cases. Head injury was commonest cause of death in road traffic accident. In this study the skull injuries were common and more fatal. In 135 cases the skull was damaged, in all 100 % RTA victims. It is observed in the study that majority 74% of the RTA victims were not wearing helmets and only 6% of the RTA victims were wearing helmets. Thus from the above study it is evident that, if a person wears helmet damage to the skull, brain and membrane can be minimized and fatality can be reduced