Geografinės informacijos skaitymas edukacinės komunikacijos požiūriu

Straipsnio tikslas – pasitelkus komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslų idėjas, atskleisti pagrindinių ugdymo proceso dalyvių – mokytojo, mokinio, dalyko (geografijos) – edukacinės sąveikos turinį ir išryškinti geografinės informacijos interpretavimo edukacinės komunikacijos perspektyvą. Komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslų vystimasis pasiekė tokį lygmenį, kai kažkada buvę kaip atskiri mokslai arba jų samplaika, nūdien tapo tarpdisciplininiu mokslu. Atskirų disciplinų edukacijoje informacija ir komunikacija tapo sudėtine ugdymo turinio ir proceso dalimi. Geografija kaip integruotas mokslas ir mokomasis dalykas yra palankus įvairiems komunikacijos modeliams, būdams taikyti. Geografinėje informacijoje glūdi pažintinės vertybės, kurių neįmanoma tiesiogiai išmokti – jas reikia išgauti, susiformuoti. Vienas iš tokių būdų, padedančių informacijai suteikti vertybinę esmę, yra klausimų kėlimas. Komunikuojant klausimais sukuriama daugiakryptė (sinerginė) edukacinė erdvė, kai pagrindiniai ugdymo proceso dalyviai (mokytojas, mokinys, dalykas) yra lygiaverčiai pažinimo vertybių kūrimo atžvilgiu.Reading of geographical information in terms of educational communicationZigmas Kairaitis SummaryThe article deals with geographical information reading referring to a communicative relation with a text. With the help of ideas of communication and information sciences, the content of an educational interaction of the main participants in the training process, i.e. a teacher, student, subject (geography), is revealed as well as educational communication prospects of geographical information interpretation are highlighted. Recently, with the formation of a favourable methodological discourse, an insight to knowledge, a training process and culture phenomena in another aspect, i.e. a communicative aspect, becomes possible. These issues are related to the development of an information and knowledge society. Communication covers much more than just conveyance of information and knowledge. In education, communication manifests itself as an instrument of educational interaction and serves as an intermediate between the matters expressed through the message and matters accepted through the message. As an integrated science and subject, geography is favourable for application of different communication models and methods. Geographical information contains cognitive values that cannot be learnt directly – they shall be drawn out, developed. One of such ways that help to provide information with worthwhile essence is question raising and answering the questions raised. Communication of questions leads to the formation of multidirectional (synergetic) educational space when all participants of the training process (a teacher, student, subject) are equivalent in respect of development of cognitive values. Quintessence of the article: an included educational communication model.&nbsp

Can murine diabetic nephropathy be separated from superimposed acute renal failure?

Can murine diabetic nephropathy be separated from superimposed acute renal failure?BackgroundStreptozotocin (STZ) is commonly used to induce diabetes in experimental animal models, but not without accompanying cytotoxic effects. This study was undertaken to (1) determine an optimal dose and administration route of STZ to induce diabetic nephropathy in wild-type mice but without the concurrent acute renal injury resulting from cytotoxic effects of STZ and (2) evaluate the pattern of tubular injury and interstitial inflammation in this model.MethodsMale Balb/c mice received either (1) STZ (225mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection.); or (2) two doses of STZ 5 days apart (150mg/150mg/kg; 75mg/150mg/kg; 75mg/75mg/kg; and 100mg/100mg/kg by intravenous injection). Another strain of mice, C57BL/6J, also received STZ (200mg/kg intravenously or intraperitoneally). Renal function and histology were examined at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 after induction of diabetes. In initial optimization studies, animals were sacrificed at week 1 or week 2 and histology examined for acute renal injury.ResultsFollowing a single intraperitoneal injection of 225mg/kg of STZ, only two thirds of animals developed hyperglycemia, yet the model was associated with focal areas of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) at week 2. ATN was also observed in C57BL/6J mice given a single intravenous or intraperitoneal dose of STZ (200mg/kg), at week 2 post-diabetes. At an optimal diabetogenic dose and route (75mg/150mg/kg by intravenous injection 5 days apart), all mice developed diabetes and no ATN was observed histologically. However, even with this regimen, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly impaired from week 2. This regimen was accompanied by progressive histologic changes, including tubular and glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial area expansion, as well as interstitial macrophage, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell accumulation.ConclusionBy careful optimization of STZ dose, a stable and reproducible diabetic murine model was established. However, even in this optimized model, renal functional impairment was observed. The frequency of ATN and functional impairment casts doubt on conclusions about experimental diabetic nephropathy drawn from reports in which ATN has not been excluded rigorously

Psychosocial factors in patients with kidney failure and role for social worker : a secondary data audit

Background: People with kidney failure face a multitude of psychosocial stressors that affect disease trajectory and health outcomes. Objectives: To investigate psychosocial factors affecting people with kidney failure before or at start of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) and kidney supportive and palliative care (KSPC) phases of illness and to explore role of social worker during the illness trajectory. Methods: We conducted a secondary data audit of patients either before or at start of KRT (Phase 1) and at the KSPC (Phase 2) of illness and had psychosocial assessments between March 2012 and March 2020 in an Australian setting. Results: Seventy-nine individuals, aged 70 ± 12 years, had at least two psychosocial assessments, one in each of the two phases of illness. The median time between social worker evaluations in Phase 1 and Phase 2 was 522 (116−943) days. Adjustment to illness and treatment (90%) was the most prevalent psychosocial issue identified in Phase 1, which declined to 39% in Phase 2. Need for aged care assistance (7.6%−63%; p < 0.001) and carer support (7.6%−42%; p < 0.001) increased significantly from Phase 1 to Phase 2. There was a significant increase in psychosocial interventions by the social worker in Phase 2, including supportive counselling (53%−73%; p < 0.05), provision of education and information (43%−65%; p < 0.01), and referrals (28%−62%; p < 0.01). Conclusion: Adults nearing or at the start of KRT experience immense psychosocial burden and adaptive demands that recognisably change during the course of illness. The positive role played by the nephrology social worker warrants further investigation

Tongue bite in a patient with tracheostomy after prone position -A case report-

A 22-year-old man underwent an operation for posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine at L3-5. He was ventilated via a tracheostomy site in a prone position for 210 minutes. Ventilator function and eyeballs were checked periodically. After changing his position to supine for the wake-up test, it was noticed that his tongue was self-inflicted and looked to be cut unless immediate decompression was applied. After several manual attempts to open the mouth failed, anesthesia depth was deepened with thiopental sodium and neuromuscular blocker to decompress and reposition the tongue into the intraoral cavity. Minimal teeth marks and scarring remained after seven months without any complications

Endurance training-induced increase in muscle oxidative capacity without loss of muscle mass in younger and older resistance-trained men

While concurrent training is regularly used in older populations, the inverse relationship between fibre size and oxidative capacity suggests that endurance training in resistance-trained individuals may result in some loss of resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass, which may be more pronounced in older people. We investigated the impact of superimposed endurance training in younger (28.5 ± 4.8 years; n = 8) and older (67.5 ± 5.5 years; n = 7) highly resistance-trained men. Participants underwent a 10-week endurance cycling training programme consisting of five 6-min intervals at 75% max heart rate (HRmax) separated by 4-min intervals at 90% HRmax. The anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the thigh muscles, as determined with MRI, was 24% smaller in older compared to younger participants (p < 0.001). Although maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was also lower in the older group (p < 0.001), VO2max per kg body mass did not differ significantly between younger and older participants. Histological analyses of biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis showed that endurance training induced an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity in both younger and older participants (p ≤ 0.043), and an increase in the number of capillaries around type I fibres (p = 0.017). The superimposed endurance training did not induce a significant decrease in thigh ACSA, fibre cross-sectional area, or knee extensor maximum voluntary isometric force. These observations indicate that adding endurance training to resistance training can lead to positive endurance-related adaptations without negative consequences for muscle size and strength in older and younger resistance-trained people

Tillämpling av design genom kontrakt till gränssnitt av avlägsna proceduranropp

Design by contract, abbreviated as DBC, is a software development methodology that aims to increase the reliability and robustness of software components. While a fair amount of research has been done around how DbC can be utilised in an in-process object-oriented system, not much is known about how DbC concepts can be applied to systems that predominantly communicate over the network by way of remote procedure calls. With the recent increase in popularity of service-oriented and microservice system architectures, the ability to develop robust networked components at scale is highly relevant. This study applies the DbC notion of software contracts to remote procedure calls by developing an interface definition language that can be used in conjunction with JSON-RPC and JSON Schema. The results demonstrate that it is possible to leverage DbC concepts when implementing networked software services, but that it may in many cases be impractical to do so due to the resulting concurrency issues and increased complexity.Design genom kontrakt, abbrevierat ned till DbC, är en metodik för mjukvaruutveckling vars syfte är att öka pålitlighet och robusthet av programvara. Medan en ansenlig mängd har forskats för att bedöma hur DbC kan utnyttjas i ett objekt-orentierad sammanhang, det är fortsatt ovetandes om hur DbC konceptet kan appliceras till system som huvudsakligen kommunicerar över nätverket. Med den ökade populariteten av service-orienterad mjukvaruarkitektur, förmågan att utveckla robusta nätverkskomponenter är högst relevant. Denna studie applicerar en DbC förståelse av mjukvarukontrakt till gränssnittav av avlägsna proceduranropp genom att använda JSON-RPC och JSON Schema. Resultatet visar att det finns möjlighet att verkställa DbC koncepter när man implementerar mjukvara som kommunicerar över nätverket, men detta kan vara opraktiskt pga ökad komplexitet och resulterande samtidighetsproblem

Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with reduced quality of life in post-treatment cancer patients: a study across three cancer cohorts.

Abstract Background: Cancer patients often describe poor sleep quality and sleep disruption as contributors to poor quality of life (QoL). In a cross-sectional study of post-treatment breast, endometrial and melanoma cancer patients, we used actigraphy to quantify sleep regularity using the sleep regularity index (SRI), and examined relationships with reported sleep symptoms and QoL. Methods: Participants were recruited post-primary treatment (35 diagnosed with breast cancer, 24 endometrial cancer and 29 melanoma) and wore an actigraphy device for up to 2 weeks and SRI was calculated. Self-report questionnaires for cancer-related QoL (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC (QLQ-C30)) were completed. Data were compared using Analysis of Variance or Chi-Square tests. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine independent variable predictors for questionnaire-derived data. Results: Age distribution was similar between cohorts. Endometrial and breast cancer cohorts were predominantly female, as expected, and Body Mass Indexwas higher in the endometrial cancer cohort, followed by breast and melanoma. There were no differences between tumour groups in: total sleep time , sleep onset latency, bedtime, and SRI (breast 80.98.0, endometrial 80.312.2, melanoma 81.47.0) (all p>0.05). A higher SRI was associated with both better functional and symptom scores, including increased global QoL, better physical functioning, less sleepiness and fatigue, better sleep quality, and associated with less nausea/vomiting, dyspnea, and diarrhea (all p<0.05). Conclusions: In cancer patients post-treatment, greater sleep regularity is associated with increased global QoL, as well as better physical functioning and fewer cancer related symptoms. Improving sleep regularity may improve QoL for cancer patients.This contains questionnaire and actigraphy data from clinic patients with cancer