8 research outputs found
Countering the Illiberal Drift in Europe: Mobilizing Civil Society and Governments to Defend Liberal Democracy
In this Task Force, we identify the main drivers of this illiberal drift. We highlight the political strategies that illiberal forces employ to undermine liberal democracy, and offer policy solutions on how to counter these strategies. Our policy report addresses three thematic areas: first, the Politics of Exclusion: covering the cultural arguments that illiberal actors have built around race, migration, gender, and âcollective victimhood.â Second, we investigate the Politics of Sovereignty: the backlash against European integration and globalization that have strained Europeâs liberal consensus. Finally, we examine the Politics of Democratic Institutions, interrogating how illiberal parties and states have mobilized against civil society, traditional media, independent political and judicial institutions, and the rule of law
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Synthesis and Electronic Structure of Dissymmetrical, Naphthalene-Bridged Sandwich Complexes [CpâČFe(ÎŒâC10H8)MCp*]x (x = 0, +1; M =Fe, Ru; CpâČ = η5âC5H2â1,2,4âtBu3; Cp* = η5âC5Me5)
The dissymmetrical naphthalene-bridged complexes
[CpâČFe(ÎŒ-C10H8)FeCp*] (3; Cp* = η5-C5Me5, CpâČ =
η5-C5H2-1,2,4-tBu3) and [CpâČFe(ÎŒ-C10H8)RuCp*] (4) were
synthesized via a one-pot procedure from FeCl2(thf)1.5, CpâČK, KC10H8, and [Cp* FeCl(tmeda)] (tmeda = N,N,NâČ,NâČ-
tetramethylethylenediamine) or [Cp*RuCl]4, respectively.
The symmetrically substituted iron ruthenium complex
[Cp*Fe(Ό-C10H8)RuCp*] (5) bearing two Cp* ligands was
prepared as a reference compound. Compounds 3â5 are
diamagnetic and display similar molecular structures, where the metal atoms are coordinated to opposite sides of the bridging naphthalene molecule. Cyclic voltammetry and UV/vis spectroelectrochemistry studies revealed that neutral 3â5 can be oxidized to monocations 3+â5+ and dications 32+â52+. The chemical oxidation of 3 and 4 with [Cp2Fe]PF6 afforded the paramagnetic hexafluorophosphate salts [CpâČFe(ÎŒ-C10H8)FeCp*]PF6 ([3]PF6) and [CpâČFe(ÎŒ-C10H8)RuCp*]PF6 ([4]PF6), which were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, including EPR and 57Fe MoÌssbauer spectroscopy. The molecular structure of [4]PF6 was determined by X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations support the structural and spectroscopic data and determine
the compositions of frontier molecular orbitals in the investigated complexes. The effects of substituting Cp* with CpâČ and Fe with Ru on the electronic structures and the structural and spectroscopic properties are analyzed