Insulin gene polymorphisms in type I diabetes, Addison's disease and the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II

Background: Polymorphisms within the insulin gene can influence insulin expression in the pancreas and especially in the thymus, where self-antigens are processed, shaping the T cell repertoire into selftolerance, a process that protects from ß-cell autoimmunity. Methods: We investigated the role of the -2221Msp(C/T) and -23HphI(A/T) polymorphisms within the insulin gene in patients with a monoglandular autoimmune endocrine disease [patients with isolated type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 317), Addison´s disease (AD, n = 107) or Hashimoto´s thyroiditis (HT, n = 61)], those with a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II (combination of T1D and/or AD with HT or GD, n = 62) as well as in healthy controls (HC, n = 275). Results: T1D patients carried significantly more often the homozygous genotype "CC" -2221Msp(C/T) and "AA" -23HphI(A/T) polymorphisms than the HC (78.5% vs. 66.2%, p = 0.0027 and 75.4% vs. 52.4%, p = 3.7 × 10-8, respectively). The distribution of insulin gene polymorphisms did not show significant differences between patients with AD, HT, or APS-II and HC. Conclusion: We demonstrate that the allele "C" of the -2221Msp(C/T) and "A" -23HphI(A/T) insulin gene polymorphisms confer susceptibility to T1D but not to isolated AD, HT or as a part of the APS-II

Prior Stroke in PFO Patients Is Associated With Both PFO-Related and -Unrelated Factors.

Background and Purpose: To identify factors associated with prior stroke at presentation in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). Methods: We studied cross-sectional data from the International PFO Consortium Study (NCT00859885). Patients with first-ever stroke and those with prior stroke at baseline were analyzed for an association with PFO-related (right-to-left shunt at rest, atrial septal aneurysm, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and Valsalva maneuver) and PFO-unrelated factors (age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, migraine, coronary artery disease, aortic plaque). A multivariable analysis was used to adjust effect estimation for confounding, e.g., owing to the age-dependent definition of study groups in this cross-sectional study design. Results: We identified 635 patients with first-ever and 53 patients with prior stroke. Age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, and right-to-left shunt (RLS) at rest were significantly associated with prior stroke. Using a pre-specified multivariable logistic regression model, age (Odds Ratio 1.06), BMI (OR 1.06), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.90) and RLS at rest (OR 1.88) were strongly associated with prior stroke.Based on these factors, we developed a nomogram to illustrate the strength of the relation of individual factors to prior stroke. Conclusion: In patients with CS and PFO, the likelihood of prior stroke is associated with both, PFO-related and PFO-unrelated factors

The rs1990760 polymorphism within the IFIH1 locus is not associated with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Addison's disease

Background: Three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for endocrine autoimmune disease:human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Recent studies showed that a genetic variation within the interferon induced helicase domain 1 (IFIH1) locus (rs1990760 polymorphism) is an additional risk factor in type 1 diabetes and Graves' disease (GD). Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the rs1990760 polymorphism within the IFIH1 gene in German patients with GD (n=258), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT,n=106), Addison's disease (AD,n=195) and healthy controls (HC,n=227) as well as in 55 GD families (165 individuals, German) and 100 HT families (300 individuals, Italian). Furthermore, the interaction between rs1990760 polymorphism with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk haplotype DQ2(DQA*0501-DQB*0201), the risk haplotypes DQ2/DQ8 (DQA*0301-DQB*0302) and the status of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) in patients and families were analysed. Results:No significant differences were found between the allele and genotype frequencies for rs1990760 IFIH1 polymorphism in patients with GD, HT, AD and HC. Also no differences were observed when stratifying the IFIH1 rs1990760 polymorphism for gender, presence or absence of thyroid antibodies (GD:TRAb and HT:TPOAb/TgAb) and HLA risk haplotypes (DQ2:for GD and HT, DQ2/DQ8:for AD). Furthermore the transmission analysis in GD and HT families revealed no differences in alleles transmission for rs1990760 IFIH1 from parents with or without HLA risk haplotype DQ2 to the affected offspring. In contrast, by dividing the HT parents according to the presence or absence of thyroid Ab titers, mothers and fathers both positive for TPOAb/TgAb overtransmitted the allele A of IFIH1 rs1990760 to their HT affected offspring (61.8% vs 38.2%;p=0.05;corrected p [pc]=0.1). However, these associations did not remain statistically significant after correction of the p-values. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggest, no contribution from IFIH1 rs1990760 polymorphism to the pathogenesis of either Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Addison's disease in our study populations. However, in order to exclude a possible influence of the studied polymorphism in specified subgroups within patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, further investigations in larger populations are needed

The Tudor SND1 protein is an m6A RNA reader essential for replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal RNA modification of cellular mRNAs. m6A is recognised by YTH domain-containing proteins, which selectively bind to m6A-decorated RNAs regulating their turnover and translation. Using an m6A-modified hairpin present in the Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF50 RNA, we identified seven members from the ‘Royal family’ as putative m6A readers, including SND1. RIP-seq and eCLIP analysis characterised the SND1 binding profile transcriptome-wide, revealing SND1 as an m6A reader. We further demonstrate that the m6A modification of the ORF50 RNA is critical for SND1 binding, which in turn stabilises the ORF50 transcript. Importantly, SND1 depletion leads to inhibition of KSHV early gene expression showing that SND1 is essential for KSHV lytic replication. This work demonstrates that members of the ‘Royal family’ have m6A-reading ability, greatly increasing their epigenetic functions beyond protein methylation

Genetische Variationen in Prozess der T-Zell-Regulation (PTPN22) und des Vitamin D Stoffwechsel /Megalin) als Prädispositionsfaktoren für Autimmunendokrinopathien

Typ 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D), Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis (HT) und Morbus Addison (AD) sind autoimmunvermittelte Erkrankungen mit multifaktorieller und polygener Ätiologie. Die gemeinsamen prädisponierenden genetischen Merkmale (HLA Klasse II-Moleküle und CTLA-4) bedingen eine Störungen in der T-Zell-Aktivierung und Homöostase. Es mehren sich Hinweise, dass PTPN22 ein weiterer genereller Risikofaktor für Autoimmunität ist. PTPN22 kodiert für eine intrazelluläre Tyrosin-Phosphatase, die als Suppressor der T-Zell- Aktivierung wirk. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Verteilung des PTPN22 1858 C/T Polymorphismus in deutschen Patienten mit T1D (n = 220), AD (n = 121) und HT (n = 116) sowie gesunden Kontrollen (n = 239) untersucht. Hierbei konnte eine signifikante Assoziation der Genvariation und den Erkrankungen T1D und HT bestätigt werden. PTPN22 1858 T wurde häufiger bei Patienten mit T1D (19,3% vs. 11,3%; p = 0,001; OR für Allel T = 1,88, 95% CI [1,30-2,72]) und HT (18,1% vs. 11,3%; p = 0,0129; OR für Allel T = 1,74, 95% CI [1,12-2,69]) beobachtet. Erstmals konnte eine exklusive Assoziation zum weiblichen Geschlecht bei Patientinnen mit T1D beobachtet werden (p = 0,0001). Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen männlichen Typ 1 Diabetikern und Kontrollen war nicht nachweisbar. Für eine Assoziation von PTPN22 1858 C/T und AD fanden sich keine Hinweise. Zusammenfassend ist der Polymorphismus PTPN22 1858 C/T in der Pathogenese von HT und T1D in der deutschen Bevölkerung involviert, beim T1D durch einen geschlechtsspezifischen Mechanismus, der zu einer Risikoerhöhung im weiblichen Geschlecht führt. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch aktuelle Studien bestätigt. Der Vitamin D-Stoffwechsel ist ein weiteres System mit einem klar belegten Einfluss auf das Immunsystem. Die Gabe von aktivem Vitamin D zeigte im Tiermodell eine Protektion vor T1D. Der modulierende Einfluss auf T-Zell-Differenzierung und Aktivität von dendritischen Zellen mittels Zytokinausschüttung bewirkt ein Verschiebung des Gleichgewichts von T-Helferzellen in Richtung Th2-Zellen und regulatorischen T-Zellen. Zusätzlich belegen epidemiologische Daten eine Verbindung von Vitamin D Ernährungsstatus in der frühen Kindheit und der Prävalenz von T1D. Ein genetisches Risiko für T1D konnte für die folgenden Komponenten des Vitamin D-Systems identifiziert werden: Vitamin D bindendes Protein (DBP), CYP2R1, CYP27B1 und CYP24 sowie Vitamin D-Rezeptor (VDR). Ein weiteres Makromolekül mit essentieller Bedeutung für die Aufrechterhaltung des Vitamin D-Metabolismus ist Megalin. Der endozytotische Multiliganden-Rezeptor gehört zur Familie der low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Rezeptoren und wird hauptsächlich in den Zellen des proximalen Tubulus der Niere exprimiert, zusätzlich aber auch in anderen resorptiven Epithelien. Megalin liefert den größten Beitrag zur Protein-Aufnahme aus dem glomerulären Filtrat in die Zellen des proximalen Tubulus. Neben einer relativ unspezifischen Bindung vieler Proteine (z.B.: Albumin, ベ1- und ベ2-Mikroglobulin) bindet Megalin einige Liganden mit hoher Affinität. Hierzu zählen Hormone, Vitamin-bindende Proteine und Lipoproteine. Megalin gewinnt durch die zelluläre Aufnahme von Vitamin D im Komplex mit seinem Transportprotein DBP eine große Bedeutung im Vitamin D-Stoffwechsel. Die Endozytose ist notwendig um 25 OH D3 zu konservieren und um Zellen mit der Vorstufe zur Generierung von 1,25 (OH)2 D3, der biologisch aktiven Form von Vitamin D, zu versorgen. Weiterhin ist die Aufnahme möglicherweise direkt mit der Aktivierung des nukleären VDR verbunden, als Vorbereitung auf kommende Liganden In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals die Bedeutung von genetischen Polymorphismen des Megalingens bei Patienten mit T1D und gesunden Kontrollen der deutschen Bevölkerung untersucht. Die Analyse von neun SNPs erbrachten interessante Erkenntnisse: Genvariationen von Megalin sind mit T1D assoziiert, wobei MegE36 A, ein SNP auf Exon 36, das Risiko einer Erkrankungsmanifestation erhöht. Allel »A« wurde häufiger bei Patienten mit T1D beobachtet (95,6% vs. 92,2%; OR für Allel A = 1,85, 95% CI [1,18-2,91]). In der geschlechtsgetrennten Analyse beschränkten sich die gefundenen Differenzen der Allelfrequenzen lediglich auf das männliche Geschlecht (p = 0,0014; OR für Allel A = 2,67, 95% CI [1,43 – 4,98]). Bei Frauen war kein signifikanter Unterschied nachweisbar. Da dieser exonische SNP still ist, d.h. durch einen synonymen Aminosäurenaustausch keinen Einfluss auf die Rezeptorfunktionalität hat, treten mögliche Effekte auf RNA-Ebene auf. Denkbar ist auch eine Kopplung mit einem benachbarten Marker. Drei weitere nicht synonyme exonische SNPs (MegE03 A/G, MegE66 A/G and MegE69 A/C) weisen eine grenzwertige Assoziation zu T1D auf und haben zugleich einen funktionellen Einfluss auf die Proteinstruktur. Bemerkenswerterweise zeigt MegE66, wie auch MegE36 A, lediglich bei Männern ein genetisches Risiko für T1D. Diese Geschlechtsspezifität wird möglicherweise durch eine Interaktion von Megalin mit Androgenen und Östrogenen in Verbindung mit dem Transportprotein (SHBG) begründet. Die Aufklärung des molekularen Mechanismus wird Gegenstand künftiger Studien sein.Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Addison’s disease are multifactorial endocrine autoimmune diseases which share genetic susceptibility loci, causing a disordered T-cell activation and -homeostasis (HLA class II genes, CTLA-4). Recent studies showed a genetic variation within the PTPN22 gene to be an additional risk factor. Given the growing evidence that PTPN22 is associated with autoimmunity in general, we analysed the PTPN22 1858 C/T polymorphism in German patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 220), Addison´s disease (n = 121) and Hashimoto´s thyroiditis (n = 116) and healthy controls (n = 239). Our study confirms a significant association between allelic variation of the PTPN22 1858 C/T polymorphism and T1D and HT. PTPN22 1858T was observed more frequently in patients with T1D (19.3% vs. 11.3%; p = 0.001; OR for allele T = 1.88, 95% CI [1.30-2.72]) and HT (18.1% vs. 11.3%; p = 0.0129; OR for allele T = 1.74, 95% CI [1.12-2.69]). However, this susceptibility factor proved to be unique to the female sex in patients with T1D (p = 0.0001), which is a novel observation. No significant difference was observed between the distribution of PTPN22 1858 C/T in patients with AD and healthy controls. The PTPN22 polymorphism 1858 C/T may be involved in the pathogenesis of HT and T1D by a sex specific mechanism that contributes to susceptibility in females. These findings are supported by several recent studies. The vitamin D endocrine axis is another system with a well-established influence on the immune system. Administration of active vitamin D has been shown to prevent T1D in animal models, to modify T-cell differentiation and to modulate dendritic cell action by inducing cytokine secretion shifting the balance to regulatory T-cells. In addition there are epidemiological data linking vitamin D nutritional status in childhood with the prevalence of T1D. So far several proteins involved in the vitamin D system have been identified with genetic susceptibilities to T1D: vitamin D binding protein (DBP), the hydroxylases CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and CYP24 and vitamin D receptor (VDR). Another macromolecule with crucial role in the maintenance of vitamin D metabolism is megalin. The multiligand, endocytic receptor belongs to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family and is mainly localized in the renal proximal tubule, but has been identified in other absorptive epithelia. Megalin constitutes the major pathway for clearance of macromolecules from the glomerular filtrate into the renal proximal tubules. Apart from the non-specific uptake of protein, reflecting a general protein rescuing function, the receptor binds with high affinity to selected ligands, including hormones, vitamin binding proteins and lipoproteins. A crucial role of megalin in cellular vitamin D metabolism is well established. It binds vitamin D metabolites complexed with the carrier DBP and mediates their uptake into cells. Endocytosis is required to preserve 25 OH vitamin D3 and to supply cells with the precursor for generation of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3, the biological active form of vitamin D. Furthermore uptake of vitamin D metabolites may be directly linked to the acti vation of the nuclear VDR, thus, priming it for incoming ligands. In the present study, we conducted an association analysis to determine the relationship between megalin gene and T1D. Therefore we investigated nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the megalin gene region in German patients with T1D and healthy controls. The analysis discloses a potentially exiting finding: SNPs within the megalin gene are associated with T1D, whereas MegE36 A raises the risk for disease onset. Allele »A« was observed more often in T1D patients (95.6% vs. 92.2%; OR for allele A = 1.85, 95% CI [1.18-2.91]). A sex-stratified analysis reveals an interesting observation: comparison of male patients with male controls shows a significant difference of their allelic distribution (p = 0.0014; OR for allele A = 2.67, 95% CI [1.43 - 4.98]), whereas no significant difference was detected between patients and controls of the female sex. While this exonic SNP is silent, causing a synonymous amino acid change with no expected bearing on functionality of the receptor, effects may occur on the RNA level. It seems likely that another functional variation might exist in megalin being in tight linkage with MegE36 A/T. Three other non synonymous SNPs (MegE03 A/G, MegE66 A/G and MegE69 A/C) show a borderline significance and have a functional impact. Interestingly, MegE66 A, as MegE36 A, shows only genetic susceptibility for T1D in males. This sex bias may be explained by megalin's interaction with androgens and estrogens in complex with their carrier proteins, the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated