EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF FLAVONOID FROM CHROZOPHORA PLICATA LEAVES AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTIOXIDATIVE POTENTIALS

Objective: This investigation involves the extraction, isolation, and characterization of flavonoid from a Euphorbiaceae family plant Chrozophoraplicata followed by evaluation of its antioxidant principles.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to sequential soxhlation with polar and nonpolar solvents. Methanolic extract reveals the presence of largeamount of flavonoids. Methanolic extract was subjected to isolation using column chromatographic analysis with solvents such as petroleum ether,chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Further, the isolated compound was subjected to thin layer chromatography technique andspectral analysis such as infrared, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, mass spectroscopy, and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) finger printingtechniques. The compound was evaluated for in vitro antioxidant studies using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), NO assay, reducing power assay,H2O2 scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay and β-Carotene linoleate system and in vivo antioxidative studies using carbon tetrachloride(CCl4), and acetaminophen intoxicated rats.Results: The compound was isolated in methanol:water in the ratio of 80:20 using column chromatographic technique. On the basis of phytochemical,chromatographic, and spectral analysis, the isolated compound was identified as kaempferol and finally with HPTLC finger printing technique it wasfound that the Rf value of the isolated compound was found to be 0.58 which is nearly similar to the Rf value of standard kaempferol (0.55). Hence,the isolated compound was confirmed as kaempferol and is structurally elucidated as 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one. Thiscompound was isolated for the first time from the C. plicata leaves. The in vitro antioxidant assay of isolated flavonoid has shown a dose-dependentincrease in free radical scavenging activity using DPPH, no assay, reducing power assay, H2O2 scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay, andβ-carotene linoleate system. Further, the methanolic extract of C. plicata (MECP) leaves was subjected to single dose acute toxicity study for 14 days infemale rats on the basis of OECD guidelines 423 and the therapeutically selected doses were 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. In vivo antioxidant studies inCCl4 and acetaminophen intoxicated rats indicated that the MECP leaves have significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent mannerand increased the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione.Conclusions: By the above results, it was concluded that the isolated compound from C. plicata leaves was confirmed as kaempferol and it possessessignificant antioxidative potentials.Keywords: Chrozophora plicata leaves, Flavonoids, Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, Methanolic extract, Antioxidant activity, Carbontetrachloride, Acetaminophen

Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Glimpse into The Future

Background: A class of uncommon IgG4-related systemic diseases known as vasculitis caused by antineutrophil cytosolic antibodies (ANCA) is distinguished by the enlargement of small to large blood vessels. Objective: This review article offers an in-depth analysis of the most recent developments in ANCA-associated vasculitis, covering a range of topics from pathophysiology and diagnostics to treatment and long-term results.   Methods: In this review we investigated the existing work on ANCA associated vasculitis by different sources such as Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google scholar and SciHub. Results: A number of diseases, including eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), can have significant morbidity and mortality if they are not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and curative options for ANCA-associated vasculitis have advanced significantly during the past ten years. The development of specific immunosuppressive medications has been largely responsible for the remarkable evolution in recent years in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Conclusion: This review article has provided a detailed examination of the therapy for AAV, alternatives available, including induction and maintenance regimens, as well as the accompanying advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the growing importance of biologic drugs like rituximab was examined, emphasizing its potential as supplements or replacements for traditional medical treatments

Formulation and optimization of Retapamulin loaded PLGA nanoparticles for burn wounds

In the present study, PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-NP) of retapamulin (RP) were prepared and optimized by studying the effect of various formulation and process variables for effective delivery at burn wound site. Drug loaded PLGA-NP were successfully prepared and characterized by TEM, XRD and DSC study. Formulation and process variables like surfactant concentration, drug concentration, polymer concentration etc. showed significant effect on the particle size, entrapment efficiency and drug loading. PLGA-NP exhibited prolonged drug release following Higuchi release kinetics (R2= 0.9907). In vitro study demonstrated systemic escape of drug from PLGA-NP which might eliminate side effects associated with topical exposure through conventional treatment. Further retention of activity of entrapped drug was confirmed by in vitro antimicrobial assay. Optimized PLGA nanoparticle of Retapamulin was incorporated into PVA-Chitosan hydrogel slurry and casted into film to prepare multiphase hydrogel.Thus, present optimized system can be effectively used for delivery of drug at burn wound site in especially compromised wounds.&nbsp

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A survey on prophylactic measures taken by the hyderabadi’s during the 2nd wave of COVID-19

The study's goal is to conducta survey on prophylactic measures taken by the hyderabadi’s during the 2nd wave of covid-19.The current online survey has been conducted by posing 18 questions regarding the extent of prophylactic measures taken by the Hyderabadis during the second wave of the SARS COVID-19 by distributing online Google forms randomly to a large group of the Hyderabadi population which includes 3000 individuals. The Google form contained 18 prominent questions regarding the preventive measures of Covid-19.The results obtained from the survey indicated that 46.3% of individuals were interested to wear an ordinary mask without compulsion, 35.3% of individuals used a surgical mask, 51.5% of individuals followed double masking during the second wave of the COVID-19 and 78.7% majority of individuals had not been tested positive for COVID-19. Few individuals of the population were found to be more prone to consume antibiotics (28.7%), especially Azithromycin and corticosteroids (8.1%) such as betamethasone and dexamethasone as a prophylactic measure for the corona infection