Magnetic Properties of Rf Magnetron Sputtered Co-Ag-Cu Granular Thin Films

The observation of the magnetoresistance (MR) effect in granular films, where the magnetic particles are embedded in a non-magnetic matrix, has stimulated remarkable interest because of its potential technological application as magnetic sensors in the magnetic storage technology, and also due to interest in fundamental scientific research . The granular films can present MR effect even larger than in multilayers The MR effect was a large decrease in electrical resistivity that occurs when the magnetization of two layered or granular samples was aligned by an external magnetic field. In surface morphology was smooth and homogeneous and there was a little contamination on these surfaces as indicated through SEM, which may be attributed to the oil spots and fingerprints throughout the deposition process and preparation for various measurements. The chemical composition and the element percentage for each series were determined by ED X The structure of the samples was characterized by XRD. The peaks of fcc (III), (200), (220), and (311) related to the Ag were detected and a set of fcc (III) and (220) peaks related to the Co were defected as well, indicating the formation of small fccCo particles in Ag The XRD measurements also detected the peak of fcc (III) related to the Cu and Co. However, the other peaks of fccCu (+Co) (200) and fcceu (+Co) (220) were not detected Ag (III) peak shifts to higher angles (28 > 38 II) for the samples of Coo 53Ago 47, Coo 23Cuo 77, and Coo 32AgO.14CUO 54, while for the Coo 2 6AgO. 19CUO.55 and Coo 3oAgo 4 6CUO.24 samples the peak shifts to lower angles (28<38.11). The as-deposited samples measurements at room temperature displayed a maximum value of 1.26% MR obtained by the Coo 32AgO .1 4CUO 54 film when the deposition time was 80 minutes. The remaining samples of Coo 23CUO 77, Co o ZGAgo 19CUO 55, Coo 30Ago 4GCUo 24, and Coo 55Ago 47 have shown the values of 0.13%, 0.24%, 0.36%, and 0.84% MR respectively for the deposition time of 90 minutes. Post-annealing increased the MR for all the samples at room temperature and at low temperatures. The measurements of annealed samples at room temperature exhibited the values of 1.75%, 1.28%, 0.52%, 0.31%, and 0.Coo J2Ago 14CUO.54, Coo 53Ago 47, Coo 30AgO AGCUO 24, Coo 2 6Ago 19CUO 55, and Coo 23CU 0.77 respectively of the samples deposited for 90 minutes. The increase in the MR due to annealing process may be related to the reducing of the degree of structural disorder, enlarging the particle size and increasing of the interparticle separation, which may affect to the effect of phonon behavior on the resistivity of the film

Optimization Condition of Giant Magnetoresistance in Granular Thin Films for Application as Magnetic Sensors

The discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in multilayer systems and subsequently in granular films has stimulated worldwide research activities, due to both its fundamental significance and its potential application to magnetic sensors for fields ranging from 1 T up to 10 T. For granular films, however, there exists evidence that interface scattering plays a dominant role in magnetoresistance. The GMR is believed to be relating to the features of magnetic granules such as size, shape, and distribution. Concerning the effect of the feature of magnetic particle, most of the experimental work has focused on the post-deposition annealing, which is believed to promote grain growth or phase segregation. The need for new and improved optical and electronic devices has stimulated the study of CoNiAg, CoFeAg, and CoNiCu thin solid films with controlled composition and specific properties in this project. Therefore, a comprehensive investigations of the microstructure, structural, and magnetoresistance properties for the as deposited and annealed samples were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy disperssive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and four point probe techniques. The measurements were achieved at low and room temperatures in the presence of applied magnetic field of ~1.1 T. In response to these investigations, SEM micrographs have revealed that the surfaces of the films are smooth, uniform, and homogeneity with the presence of some impurities occurred after annealing, whereas AFM images showed that both the grain diameter and the RMS roughness were increased after annealing. EDS has determined the average chemical composition for each system, which shows fine dispersion of Co particles into Ag and Cu matrices in comparison with Fe and Ni particles. XRD spectrum has shown fcc structure for all as deposited and annealed samples with the respective peaks of (111), and (200) corresponding to the Ag plane in addition to the unknown peak related to the impurities appeared at 400°C and 500°C for CoNiAg system. For CoFeAg samples the broadened diffraction peaks roughly corresponded to the Ag (111), Ag (200), and Ag (220) reflections were detected due to the phase separation, whereas in the CoNiCu system two diffraction peaks corresponding to the (111), and (200) related to Cu plane in addition to the unknown peak at ~36°C have been observed in all series. The intensities and positions of these peaks for all series vary upon increasing the magnetic content and annealing temperature, indicating that the lattice parameter decreases with increasing magnetic content. For the best MR effect in these three systems, MR value at 100 K, increases from 0.75% in the as deposited samples to 1.45% in the annealed samples for CoNiAg system, for which the optimum annealing temperature, deposition time, and Co content were 400°C, 120 minutes and 16 at.% respectively. The MR ratios of 3.37% and 31.34% at 100 K, were obtained respectively in the as deposited and annealed samples of CoFeAg system for deposition time of 120 minutes, hence an optimum annealing temperature was located at 400 °C for optimum Co content of 12 at.%. While for CoNiCu system, the MR value increases from 0.41% for as deposited samples to 5.09% for annealed samples at 400°C. The optimum deposition time, annealing temperature, and Co content that provides the highest MR values are 120 minutes, 400°C, and 17 at.% respectively. Measurements at 300K also show MR values but lower than at 100K for all series. Among these systems, CoFeAg is the best, which shows the highest MR, while still under precise deposition conditions and proper thermal treatment, the other two systems may promise to show large MR effect

Forest fire monitoring system

The world's environmental concerns have never been larger or more complicated than they are now. Natural catastrophes have grown drastically in frequency and scale over the last few decades, threatening global regions covered by forests and urban woods. Forest fires on a large scale are one of the most dangerous natural disasters influencing climate change and human lives all over the planet. As a result, well-planned and closely coordinated effective preventive, early warning, and response techniques are required to limit their effects on people and the environment. This study describes a smart forest fire monitoring system that may be used in early fire warning systems and offers real-time temperature, humidity, flame, smoke, and location coordination monitoring. The system comprises of a single node and a gateway, and LoRa technology is the communication protocol implied in the system. The node has four sensors that measure temperature, relative humidity, gas levels in the environment, flame and location in order to evaluate the level of fire hazard and the likelihood of forest fires in a specific area. The sensor’s data is uploaded to the database and Cayenne cloud for notification. Using LoRa have an impact of longer transmission range between the sensor node and the gateway as well as it has low energy consumption compared to other communication protocols. Moreover, the system proved its durability under extreme weather conditions

Review of under Frequency Load Shedding Program of Kosovo Power System based on ENTSO-E Requirements

Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is designed to protect the power system when the frequency drops below given thresholds by switching off certain amounts of the load aiming thus to balance generation and load. This paper presents a review of the existing UFLS (Under Frequency Load Shedding) program in compliance with recently revised Police-5 of Operational Handbook of ENTSO-e. The proposed review of the current UFLS program for Kosovo Power System has considered the main standards requirements and guidelines for UFLS set by ENTSO-E. This work examine system performance by conducting dynamic simulations of UFLS schemes subject to different imbalances between load and generation, and includes three power system island mode scenarios with different equivalent inertia of the system, respectively different size of the systems. With aim to define the best program of UFLS, which fits to the Kosovo Power System frequency behavior, two different UFLS programs are analyzed and results are compared. The proposed program is tested using a large scale PSS/E model which represents interconnected power system area of Southeast Europe

Macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in the European Union, with particular reference to transition countries

This study empirically investigates the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output and other macroeconomic variables in European Union countries between 1995 and 2012, with particular reference to transition countries. It applies Panel Vector Auto Regression with recursive identification of government spending shocks as the most appropriate method for the aim of the study and the sample used. The main results indicate that expansionary spending shocks have a positive, but a relatively low effect on output, with the fiscal multiplier around one in the year of the shock and the following year, and lower thereinafter. There are indications that this result is driven by the recent crisis, as multipliers are considerably lower in the pre-crisis period. Effects of fiscal policy are strongly dependent on country structural characteristics. Fiscal multipliers are higher in new European Union member states, in countries with low public debt and low trade openness. Further, spending shocks are followed by rising debt levels in old member states, which could be related well to the recent European debt crisis. Finally, the analysis of the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy yields results that are consistent with both extended Real Business Cycle models and extended New Keynesian models

Strategic priorities for professional sports infrastructure in Kosova / [presentation given May 16, 2011]

There is a serious shortfall in sporting facilities around Kosova. This Capstone Project addresses the problem with the lack of investments in the field of professional sports infrastructure. The project includes a review of capital investments made in the last five years from the central level of the government, namely the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports (MCYS). It also includes analysis of the investment needs and requests made for new professional sports infrastructure based on the number of population and athletes in Kosova. Key national stakeholders have been interviewed, necessary data are collected aiming for them to be evaluated and compared ... The outcome from this Capstone Project is a draft investment strategy for professional sports infrastructure based on real field needs. The strategy sets up appropriate guidelines for investments that will result in better fulfillment of athletes’ needs all over the nation of Kosova. Results of this project also ensure that millions of Euros from the public budget spent for capital investments in sports infrastructure will be reasonable and accountable

ICONCLASS - Klasifikacijski sustav za umjetnost i ikonografiju

Documenting is a crucial activity for any museum or art institution. Today, that importance is growing for the metadata museum provides us with, is essential in retrieving information in the vast amount of data of the modern world. The goal of this study is to discuss the design of thesauri, how they work and what is their purpose in documenting museum objects. It further discusses content indexing together with aboutness, isness and ofness, to draw a parallel with Panofsky’s categories in iconography. The central focus of the work falls onto analyzing Iconclass, its features, and usage. Additionally, it concentrates on new developments in machine learning within artificial intelligence, which use Iconclass to generate and automatize new data and connections. Finally, it gives a brief overview of folksonomy and social tagging.Dokumentiranje je ključna aktivnost svakog muzeja ili umjetničke institucije. Danas ta važnost raste jer metapodaci koje nam muzej pruža igraju bitnu ulogu u pronalaženju informacija u ogromnoj količini podataka suvremenog svijeta. Cilj ovog rada je predstaviti i raspravljati o dizajnu tezaurusa, kako oni rade i koja je njihova svrha u dokumentiranju muzejskih objekata. Nadalje se takodjer predstavlja sadržajnu obradu zajedno s sustinom, postojanoscu i svojstvom (aboutness, isness, ofness) kako bi se usporedila s Panofskijevim kategorijama u ikonografiji. Središnji fokus rada je analiziranje Iconclass-a, njegovih značajki i upotrebe. Osim toga, rad se usredotočuje na nove razvoje u strojnom učenju preko umjetne inteligencije, koji koriste Iconclass za generiranje i automatizaciju novih podataka i veza. Na kraju, daje se kratak pregled folksonomije i socijalnog označavanja

The Elimination of erosion phenomena in the main cooling water pumps in thermo power plant (TPP) “Kosova B” : [presentation given October 7, 2009]

This Capstone Project will address the erosion phenomena on the impeller blades of the main cooling water pumps in Thermal Power Plant (TPP) “Kosova B”. These are vertical mixed flow pumps and are part of the cooling system that play an important role in TPP “Kosova B”. In this investigation I will study the line between the cooling tower basin and the pumps intake. This line includes the pipe with a 2220 [mm] diameter through which the water, from the cooling tower basin, goes into the pumps intake. In fact we have two lines where one is for unit B1 one and other is for unit B2. For this investigation I will analyze only one of them, because these two lines are physically the same. I am calling this line the “suction line”. This suction line is important for my investigation because it is characteristic of all vertical mixed flow pumps where the majority of failures result from the improper design of this line

Automated Defect Detection Tool For Sewer Pipelines

In sewer networks, the economic effects and costs that result from a pipeline break are rising sharply. In Qatar, majority of the sewer network pipelines were installed in the last 20 years and are currently in poor condition and constantly deteriorating. As a result, there is huge demand for inspection and rehabilitation of sewer pipelines. In addition to being inaccurate, current Practices of sewer pipelines inspection are time consuming and may not keep up with the deterioration rate of the pipelines. Consequently, this research aims to develop an automated tool to detect different defects such as cracks, deformation, settled deposits and joint displacement in sewer pipelines. The automated approach is dependent upon using image-processing techniques and several mathematical formulas to analyze output data from CCTV camera photos. Given that one inspection session can result in hundreds of CCTV Camera footage, introducing an automated tool would help yield faster results. Additionally, given the subjective nature of most defects, it will result in more systematic results since the current method rely heavily on the operator's experience. The automated tool was able to successfully detect cracks, displaced joints, ovality and settled deposits in pipelines using CCTV Camera inspection output footage. Using two different data sets, the constructed Matlab code could successfully differentiate between cracks and displaced joints with an overall crack detection success rate of 84% and an overall displaced joint detection rate of 94%. The code was also able to efficiently detect settled deposits in the pipelines with a detection rate of 90%. In addition, the automated ovality detection resulted in 100% compatibility with the manual circularity detection

Use composite commutation functions in determining the Diffie-Hellman keys

The Diffie-Hellman protocol was proposed by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. Diffie and Hellman wanted a mathematical function where encryption and decryption would not be important, ie �(�(�))=�(�(�)). Such functions exist, but most are two-way, ie finding inverse functions is easy work eg. such a function is � (�) = 2�. A practical example of these functions is the electrical switch. However, these functions are not usable in cryptography. Important are the concrete forms of so-called one-way functions. These problem functions appear to find their inverse functions, which are found through complex procedures. So for a given � we can easily compute �(�), but for given �(�) it is difficult to measure �, but if the secret value is known, then both the direct value and the inverse value are easily counted. Modular arithmetic means the presence of a large number of such one-time functions. So we will explore in this section for finding such functions