Gas Embolism Caused by Portal Vein Gas: Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: We describe a case of pulmonary gas embolism caused by portal vein gas (PVG) observed using echocardiography. Echography revealed gas flowing through the hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and right ventricle, as well as pulmonary hypertension. The patient was diagnosed as having pulmonary gas embolism caused by PVG. Objective: We consider PVG routes to pulmonary circulation, diagnosis of gas embolism caused by PVG, and treatment of gas embolism caused by PVG.Methods: We reviewed reports of eight cases of gas embolism caused by PVG and compared these cases to cases of gas embolism without PVG. Results: Mortality of gas embolism caused by PVG was 67%, positive blood culture was observed in six cases, and pulmonary edema was seen in three cases. PVG initially excites microbubble formation, which causes tissue damage in the liver and liver abscess. A large volume of PVG causes portal obstruction. As a result, portal hypertension, a portosystemic shunt or gastrointestinal congestion can occur. PVG can travel to the systemic vein through the liver or portosystemic shunt without anomaly and cause pulmonary gas embolism, followed by arterial embolism. In this environment, sepsis easily occurs. Echocardiography is useful for diagnosis of gas embolism caused by PVG, but the gas can be seen intermittently. The view of pulmonary edema is important for pulmonary gas embolism caused by PVG. Conclusion: It is important to treat the underlying disease, but PVG must be considered and treated as the gas embolism’s source

Simulating the decoupling world under Russia\u27s invasion of Ukraine: an application of IDE-GSM

The world appears to be divided into three blocs: the Chinese–Russian bloc, the Western alliance, and the rest of the world that remains neutral in the conflict between the former camps. This study estimates the economic impacts of “decoupling” scenarios on each country and region using a computable general equilibrium (CGE)-type simulation model called the geographical simulation model developed by the Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-GSM). Simulation results indicate that 1) the decoupling of Russia will not have a significant impact on the global economy, except i n the mining sector, and 2) if China joins the Russian camp, the impact will be s ignificant on the world economy, especially for Asian countries

Modelling human choices: MADeM and decision‑making

Research supported by FAPESP 2015/50122-0 and DFG-GRTK 1740/2. RP and AR are also part of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics FAPESP grant (2013/07699-0). RP is supported by a FAPESP scholarship (2013/25667-8). ACR is partially supported by a CNPq fellowship (grant 306251/2014-0)

N2 emission-channel change in NO reduction over stepped Pd(211) by angle-resolved desorption

A sharp change in the N2 emission channel from N2O(a) → N2(g) + O(a) to N(a) + N(a) → N2(g) has been found at around 500 K in a steady-state NO + D2 reaction over stepped Pd(211) = [(S)3(111) × (100)] by means of angle-resolved desorption. The desorbing N2 is highly collimated at around 30° off normal toward the step-down direction below about 500 K due to the intermediate N2O decomposition, whereas, above 500 K, the near normally directed desorption due to the recombination of N(a) is relatively enhanced. The N2O decomposition channel is promoted when the reaction is carried out with hydrogen (deuterium) and the channel change is accelerated by quick changes of the amounts of surface hydrogen and oxygen (or NO(a)) into the opposite directions, and enhanced nitrogen removal as ammonia on the resultant hydrogen-rich surface. In the steady-state NO + CO reaction, the N2 emission channel gradually changes above 500 K toward recombination. A model for the off-normal N2 emission is briefly described