288 research outputs found

    Radioaktiivinen cesium Suomen ruokasienissä

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    An Indigenous Perspective on a Period in the History of North America

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    CLA (Critical Language Analysis) asserts that human language ability involves more than merely reacting to reality. Language use, from a CLA perspective, is about creating realities. When an Ojibwe lady speaks about her life and times in North America, specifically the United States, CLA reveals that she has created a reality, a mixture of positive and negative elements, by her own words

    Charge Exchange Reaction in Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

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    The efficiencies of charge exchange reaction in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DA-APCI) and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) mass spectrometry (MS) were compared by flow injection analysis. Fourteen individual compounds and a commercial mixture of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen as model analytes to cover a wide range of polarities, gas-phase ionization energies, and proton affinities. Chlorobenzene was used as the dopant, and methanol/water (80/20) as the solvent. In both techniques, analytes formed the same ions (radical cations, protonated molecules, and/or fragments). However, in DA-APCI, the relative efficiency of charge exchange versus proton transfer was lower than in DA-APPI. This is suggested to be because in DA-APCI both dopant and solvent clusters can be ionized, and the formed reagent ions can react with the analytes via competing charge exchange and proton transfer reactions. In DA-APPI, on the other hand, the main reagents are dopant-derived radical cations, which favor ionization of analytes via charge exchange. The efficiency of charge exchange in both DA-APPI and DA-APCI was shown to depend heavily on the solvent flow rate, with best efficiency seen at lowest flow rates studied (0.05 and 0.1 mL/min). Both DA-APCI and DA-APPI showed the radical cation of chlorobenzene at 0.05-0.1 mL/min flow rate, but at increasing flow rate, the abundance of chlorobenzene M+. decreased and reagent ion populations deriving from different gas-phase chemistry were recorded. The formation of these reagent ions explains the decreasing ionization efficiency and the differences in charge exchange between the techniques.Peer reviewe

    Superhydrophobic Paper from Nanostructured Fluorinated Cellulose Esters

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    The development of economically and ecologically viable strategies for sup erhydrophobization offers a vast variety of interesting applications in self-cleaning surfaces. Examples include packaging materials, textiles, outdoor clothing, and microfluidic devices. In this work, we produced superhydrophobic paper by spin-coating a dispersion of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters. Modification of cellulose nanocrystals was accomplished using 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorononanoyl chloride and 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluoroundecanoyl chloride, which are well-known for their ability to reduce surface energy. A stable dispersion of nanospherical fluorinated cellulose ester was obtained by using the nanoprecipitation technique. The hydrophobized fluorinated cellulose esters were characterized by both solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Further, we investigated the size, shape, and structure morphology of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements.Peer reviewe

    Plasmonic nanostructures through DNA-assisted lithography

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    Programmable self-assembly of nucleic acids enables the fabrication of custom, precise objects with nanoscale dimensions. These structures can be further harnessed as templates to build novel materials such as metallic nanostructures, which are widely used and explored because of their unique optical properties and their potency to serve as components of novel metamaterials. However, approaches to transfer the spatial information of DNA constructions to metal nanostructures remain a challenge. We report a DNA-assisted lithography (DALI) method that combines the structural versatility of DNA origami with conventional lithography techniques to create discrete, well-defined, and entirely metallic nanostructures with designed plasmonic properties. DALI is a parallel, high-throughput fabrication method compatible with transparent substrates, thus providing an additional advantage for optical measurements, and yields structures with a feature size of ~10 nm. We demonstrate its feasibility by producing metal nanostructures with a chiral plasmonic response and bowtie-shaped nanoantennas for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We envisage that DALI can be generalized to large substrates, which would subsequently enable scale-up production of diverse metallic nanostructures with tailored plasmonic features.Peer reviewe

    Cloning and expression of two different genes from Streptococcus dysgalactiae encoding fibronectin receptors.

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    Binding of bacteria to fibronectin has been implicated as a mechanism of bacterial adhesion to the host tissue. In this report we have analyzed the binding of a strain of Streptococcus dysgalactiae to fibronectin. The cells bind to a site in the NH2-terminal domain of the protein via trypsin-sensitive cell surface components. Furthermore, a lysate prepared by sonication of streptococcal cells contained fibronectin-binding proteins that inhibit the binding of the ligand to intact bacteria. When the proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted to an Immobilon-P filter, and probed with 125I-labeled fibronectin, a 140-kDa fibronectin-binding protein was identified along with a number of smaller binding proteins. A genomic DNA library was constructed and screened for the expression of fibronectin-binding proteins. Two clones were isolated and shown to contain unrelated inserts by restriction mapping and cross-hybridization experiments. The two encoded proteins were also immunologically distinct although both bound to the same region of the fibronectin molecule, and both effectively inhibited the binding of 125I-fibronectin to bacterial cells. Immunological analyses showed that only one of the two proteins tentatively identified as fibronectin receptors was expressed in detectable quantities in the Streptococcus dysgalactiae strain under the culture conditions employed
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