AN APPROACH FOR DETERMINING GROUND TRANSPARENT MOVEMENT

The aim of this study is the improvement of Terzaghi bearing capacity formula which is a very common method to determine the bearing capacity in shallow foundations. For this purpose, many sampling has been done in very wide range for several formulas and variances that use to determine the bearing capacity in shallow foundations and a new formula is derived based on the Terzaghi bearing capacity formula with modification cofficionts. Terzaghi keep as template however, the coefficients in Terzaghi template are evaluated with non-linear regression analysis method based on the soil samples that characteristic’s determined in synthetic way. As a result of this evaluation, new formula is developed with new coefficients that are referred to Terzaghi template. The proposed formula is compared with other analytical bearing capacity and experimental bearing capacity values

Pırlak koyunculuk işletmelerinde işletme büyüklüğünün hayvan yönetimi uygulamalarına etkisi

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of farm scale on animal management practices in Pırlak sheep farms in the Emirdağ District of Afyonkarahisar province. A total of 56 Pırlak farms determined by simple random sampling were divided into three scale groups small (101 heads) based on sheep and ram numbers. The data were collected through measurements, observations, and face-to-face interviews with the farmers. The farm-scale significantly affected the feed production capacity, barn size, window area, lamp number, herd dog number, litter and manure removal frequencies, lamb production, penning the ewes with their lambs, and marketing of dairy products. The pasture-based extensive sheep production system was widespread in Pırlak farms, and the air quality, litter management, and frequency of equipment cleaning and manure removal were poorer than expected in those typical local sheep barns. Moreover, the farm's records related to production performance, animal diseases, and treatments were not kept. It has been understood that grazing, milking, lamb care, reproduction, and shearing processes were carried out with traditional methods, mostly without machinery. Since the Pırlak sheep breed is a hardy domestic breed adapted to this region for decades, improving efforts for the Pırlak sheep can increase the breed's performance. In conclusion, it has been concluded that the farm management capacities of Pırlak Farms in the Emirdağ can be supported with more financial government aid and farmers' training in sheep breeding, animal health and welfare, and business economics.Bu araştırma Afyonkarahisar ili Emirdağ İlçesi'nde bulunan Pırlak koyunculuk işletmelerinde işletme büyüklüğünün hayvan yönetimi uygulamalarına etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Basit tesadüfi örnekleme ile belirlenen 56 adet Pırlak koyunculuk işletmesi koyun ve koç sayısına göre küçük (101 baş) ölçekli olmak üzere 3 gruba bölünmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri işletmelerde yapılan ölçüm, gözlem ve çiftçiler ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yoluyla elde edilmiştir. İşletme büyüklüğünün yem bitkisi üretimi kapasitesi, ağıl büyüklüğü, pencere alanı, ağıl içi lamba sayısı, sürü köpeği sayısı, altlık ve gübre uzaklaştırma sıklığı, kuzu üretimi, koyunların kuzulu koyun bölmerinde barındırılması ve süt ürünlerinin satışı üzerine önemli derecede etki yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak, Pırlak işletmelerinde meraya dayalı ekstansif yetiştiricilik yapıldığı, yöreye özgü tipik koyun ağıllarında hava kalitesi, altlık yönetimi, ekipman temizliği ve gübre uzaklaştırma sıklığının beklenenden daha zayıf olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca verim performansı, hayvan hastalıkları ve yapılan tedavilere ilişkin çiftlik kayıtların tutulmadığı görülmüştür. Otlatma, sağım, kuzu bakımı, sıfat ve kırkım işlemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlerle ve ağırlıkla makine kullanmadan yapıldığı anlaşılmıştır. Pırlak koyun ırkı onlarca yıldır bu bölgeye uyum sağlamış dayanıklı yerli bir ırk olduğu için yapılacak ıslah çalışmaları bu ırkın performansını artırabilecektir. Sonuç olarak, Emirdağ'da bulunan Pırlak koyunculuk işletmelerinin hayvan yönetimi kapasitelerinin kamu mali teşviklerinin arttırılması ve koyun yetiştiriciliği, hayvan sağlığı ve refahı ile işletme ekonomisi konularında çiftçilerin eğitimi ile desteklenebileceği kanaatine varılmıştır

Optimisation of somatic embryogenesis in cyclamen (cyclamen persicum).

TEZ9521Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2012.Kaynakça (s. 47-51) var.xi, 53 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışmada 1 türe ait 15 farklı bitkiden alınan eksplantların somatic embriyogenesis potansiyelleri test edilmiştir. Denemede eksplant kaynağı olarak ovül, bölünmüş ovaryum, yaprak ve yaprak sapı kullanılmıştır. Eksplantlar ½ MS (makro ve mikro elementler) fakat diğer bileşenler tüm miktar ve hormon olarakta 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ve 6-(g,g-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP) içeren ortamlarda kültüre alınmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre eksplant tipleri ve bitkiler arasında somatik embriyogenesis potansiyeli açısından varyasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek kallus oluşumu yaprak sapı eksplantında görülmesine karşın, en yüksek somatik embriyo oluşumu ovaryum eksplantında tespit edilmiştir. Kallus oluşum oranları yaprak sapı, ovaryum, ovul ve yaprak eksplantlarında sırası ile %34.3, %30.16, %26.6 ve %15.6 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Somatik embriyo oluşum oranları ise ovaryum, yaprak sapı, yaprak ve ovul eksplanlarında sırası ile %11.3, %8.00, %4.16 ve %2.83 olarak tespit edilmiştir.In this study, the potential of somatic embryogenesis from different explants (ovule, divided ovary parts, leaf and petiole segments) of 15 plants from one species was studied. Explants were cultured in the medium containing ½ MS (macro and micro elements) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-(g,gdimethylallylamino) purine (2iP) for inducing embriyogenic callus. Results showed that there was a variation in terms of somatic embryogenessis potantial between explant types and plants. Although the best ratio of callus formation was distinguished on petiole, the best ratio of somatic embryo was distinguished on ovary. The ratios of callus formation were calculated on petiole, ovary, ovule and leaf %34.3, %30.16, %26.6 and %15.6 respectively. The ratios of somatic embryo production were calculated on ovary, petiole, leaf and ovule %11.3, %8.00, %4.16 and %2.83 respectively.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2011YL11

Investigations of regeneration by somatic embryogenesis method in Cyclamen coum.

TEZ12452Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.Kaynakça (s. 107-122) var.XV, 123 s. :_rnk. res., tablo ;_29 cm.Bu tez çalışmasında C. coum türünde, yaprak ve yaprak sapı eksplantları kullanılarak somatik embriyogenesis yöntemi ile rejenerasyon araştırılmıştır. Embriyojenik kallusların elde edilmesi için farklı konsantrasyon ve kombinasyonlarda NAA, 2,4-D, BA, Kinetin ve 2-iP içeren altı farklı protokol denenmiştir. Tüm denemelerde kallus oluşumu gözlenmiştir. Ancak embriyo oluşumu, NAA, BA ve Kinetin içeren ortamlarda görülürken 2,4-D ve 2-iP içeren ortamlarda görülmemiştir. En yüksek rejenerasyon oranları in vitro’da muhafaza edilen bitkiciklerden alınan eksplantlar ile kurulan denemeden elde edilmiştir. Bu denemede kallus oluşum oranları, yaprak sapında %84.21 ile %91.22 arasında değişim gösterirken, yaprak eksplantlarında, %87.17 ile %89.74 arasında değişmiştir. Embriyo oluşum oranları yaprak sapı eksplantlarında %47.36 ile %68.42 arasında ve yaprak eksplantlarında %43.58 ile %69.23 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Elde edilen somatik embriyoların farklı gelişim aşamaları taramalı elektron mikroskopu ile görüntülenmiştir ve aşamalara ait farklılıklar incelenmiştir. Çalışmada somatik embriyogenesis dışında sınırlı oranda organogenesis ile rejenerasyon oluşumu da gözlenmiştir. Somatik embriyogenesis yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilen bitkicikler başarılı bir şekilde dış ortama aktarılmıştır ve aktarılan bitkilerin %82.5’i hayatta kalmıştır.In this thesis study, regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in C. coum was investigated using leaf and petiole explants. Various medium containing different combinations and concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D, BA, Kinetin and 2-iP were established to obtain embryogenic callus. Callus formations were observed in all experiments. Although, embryo formation was observed in medium containing NAA, BA and Kinetin, no embryo formation was observed in medium containing 2,4-D and 2-iP. The highest regeneration rates were obtained in the cultures which were established with explants from in vitro derived plantlets. In this experiment, callus formation rates were ranged from 84.21% to 91.22% in petiole explants and ranged from 87.17% to 89.74% in leaf explants. Embryo formation rates were ranged from 47.36% to 68.42% in petiole explants and ranged from 43.58% to 69.23% in leaf explants. Different stages of somatic embryos were monitorized by scanning electron microscope and differences of stages were investigated. In the study, also limited regenerations via organogenesis were observed. Plantlets obtained by somatic embryogenesis method were acclimatized successfully and 82.5% of acclimatized plants survived

Heritability of advertisement call properties of the Japanese quail

WOS:000521730500016The objective of this study was to investigate genetic variances and covariances among features of the male Japanese quail advertisement call. Duration of the first, second and third syllable, the length of interval 1 (between the first and the second syllable), interval 2 (between the second and the third syllable) and damping (extension of the third syllable) were measured as temporal properties of the call. Spectral properties were peak frequencies of each syllable and the damping component. In this study, 1730 calls were recorded from 488 male Japanese quail. The restricted maximum likelihood procedure for repeated measurements was applied to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for the examined traits. Heritability estimates of call parameters of the male Japanese quail ranged from low to high values (0.04-0.65) and they were generally higher for temporal properties than for spectral properties. Among the temporal properties of the call, the highest genetic correlation was between the first and the second syllable (0.96 +/- 0.251) while the lowest genetic correlation was between the first and the third syllable (0.03 +/- 0.231). Significant genetic correlations were generally high and positive among peak frequencies of the syllables. Despite the lack of apparent pattern, interval lengths tended to have positive correlation with spectral properties of the call, but the correlation of syllable lengths with spectral properties of the call was negative

Seksüel iki tiplilik (Dimorphism)

There are some hypotheses to explain the cause and maintenance mechanisms of differences between the sexes with species. Among these mechanisms sexual selection, competition for food researches, female reproduction strategy and energy requirement for reproduction will be reviewed in the fi rst part of the study. Differences between the sexes provide a reproduction advantage to the individual. On the other hand, sexual dimorphism may cause some disadvantages directly to the ornamented individual or indirectly to its partner. The disadvantages of the sexual dimorphism will be discussed in the second part of the study. Types of the sexual dimorphism, which are ranging from size to behavior either common to most of the animal species or unique for some of the species, will be reviewed in the last part of the study

Effect of stabilizer type on the activity and stability of water-dispersible cobalt(0) nanocluster catalysts in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride

Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2−) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) stabilized cobalt(0) nanoclusters were in situ generated from the reduction of cobalt(II) chloride during the catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of stabilizers, HPO4 2− or PAA. Cobalt(0) nanoclusters stabilized by HPO4 2− or PAA were characterized by using UV–Visible spectroscopy, TEM, XPS and FT-IR techniques. They were employed as catalysts in the hydrolysis of NaBH4 to examine the effect of stabilizer type on their catalytic activity and stability. Detailed reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis of NaBH4 in the presence of both catalysts was studied depending on catalyst concentration, substrate concentration and temperature. PAA stabilized cobalt(0) nanoclusters provided higher total turnover number (TTON = 6,600) than that of HPO4 2− stabilized cobalt(0) nanoclusters (1,285 turnovers). However, the HPO4 2− stabilized cobalt(0) nanoclusters provided a lower activation energy (E a = 53 ± 2 kJ mol−1) than the PAA stabilized cobalt(0) nanoclusters (E a = 58 ± 2 kJ mol−1) for the hydrolysis of NaBH4. The use of two types of stabilizers in the preparation of the same metal(0) nanoclusters following the same methodology enables us to compare the electrostatic and steric stabilization in terms of the catalytic activity and stability of metal(0) nanoclusters