Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Melia Azedarach Linn Leaf Extract in Ethylene Glycol-Induced Urolithiasis in Male Albino Rats

Purpose: To investigate the anti-urolithiatic activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves in calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male albino rats.Methods: The effect of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been investigated. Lithiasis was induced by oral adminstration of ethylene glycol (0.75 %v/v) in male albino rats for 28 days. Each of the extract (250 mg/kg) was administered orally day 0 as a prophylactic regimen and from day 15 as a curative regimen. Regular administration of ethylene glycol caused hyperoxaluria in ethylene glycol-fed animals, leading to increased renal retention and excretion of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Histopathological study, urine microscopy, serum analysis and biochemical analysis of kidney homogenate were performed.Results: Oxalate and calcium excretion in urine increased (p < 0.01) to 3.68 ± 0.01 and 4.5 ± 0.01 mg/24 h, respectively, in lithiatic control animals compared to (0.37 ± 0.01 and 1.27 ± 0.12 mg/24 h) for the normal control group. Treatment with aqueous or ethanol extract (250 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p <0.01) reduced the elevated levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate excretion in urine to 0.79 ± 0.01 and 1.09 ± 0.04 mg/24 h, respectively. Following treatment with the ethanol extract (250mg/kg), serum creatinine excretion was restored from 0.95 ± 0.01 mg/24 h to the normal level of 0.87 ± 0.01 mg/24 h. The results were comparable to those of the standard drug, allopurinol (50 mg/kg p.o.).Histopathological data for the kidney supported the foregoing results.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves have potent antiurolithiatic activity against ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male albino rats.Keywords: Melia azedarach, Antiurolithiatic, Ethylene glycol, Urolithiasis, Excretion, Kidne

INVESTIGATION ON ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF ARISTOLOCHIA INDICA LINN. ROOT EXTRACTS IN MICE

Background: The present study aimed at investigating the effect of ethanolic extract (EtAI), and aqueous extract (AqAI) of Aristolochia indica Linn roots on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and study on small intestinal transit. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed as per standard procedure. Materials and Methods: The oral toxicity study using Swiss albino mice was performed in accordance with OECD guidelines. The EtAI and AqAI extracts of Aristolochia indica Linn were studied for antidiarrhoeal property using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model and charcoal-induced gastrointestinal motility test in Swiss albino mice. Results: Among the tested doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the extracts reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extract delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control and the results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Experimental findings showed that ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica Linn root possess significant antidiarrheal activity and may be a potent source of anti-diarrhoeal drug in future

Review of natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composites

Natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composites which contain one or more types of natural reinforcement are gaining increasing research interest. This paper presents a review of natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composites. Both thermoplastic and thermoset composites reinforced by hybrid/synthetic fibres or hybrid/hybrid fibres are reviewed. The properties of natural fibres, the properties and processing of composites are summarised

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations.publishedVersio

ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA

The whole plant of Hydrolea zeylanica (HZ) (Hydrophyllaceae family) was coarsely powdered and extracted with ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The ethanol extract was then fractionated successively using various polarity ranges of solvents and screened for in-vivo antidiabetic activity using streptozotocin induced diabetic male wistar rats. The phytochemical investigation of all the fractions and powdered drug analysis was performed. Among the fractions evaluated, chloroform fraction showed highest decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol and serum triglyceride level as 75.11%, 59.77% and 35.98% respectively when treated at 50 mg/mL concentration. As the chloroform fraction has shown better potency towards antidiabetic activity, was subjected to chromatographic separation and three compounds stigmasterol, kaempferol and p- coumaric acid were isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The overall results tend to suggest the antidiabetic activity of HZ and principal source of presumed bioactive compounds which may be responsible for many of the pharmacological properties.Key word: Hydrolea zeylanica, antidiabetic, total cholesterol, triglycerides, in vivo

ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA

The whole plant of Hydrolea zeylanica (HZ) (Hydrophyllaceae family) was coarsely powdered and extracted with ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The ethanol extract was then fractionated successively using various polarity ranges of solvents and screened for in-vivo antidiabetic activity using streptozotocin induced diabetic male wistar rats. The phytochemical investigation of all the fractions and powdered drug analysis was performed. Among the fractions evaluated, chloroform fraction showed highest decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol and serum triglyceride level as 75.11%, 59.77% and 35.98% respectively when treated at 50 mg/mL concentration. As the chloroform fraction has shown better potency towards antidiabetic activity, was subjected to chromatographic separation and three compounds stigmasterol, kaempferol and p- coumaric acid were isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The overall results tend to suggest the antidiabetic activity of HZ and principal source of presumed bioactive compounds which may be responsible for many of the pharmacological properties