No signs of inbreeding despite long-term isolation and habitat fragmentation in the critically endangered Montseny brook newt (Calotriton arnoldi)

Endemic species with restricted geographic ranges potentially suffer the highest risk of extinction. If these species are further fragmented into genetically isolated subpopulations, the risk of extinction is elevated. Habitat fragmentation is generally considered to have negative effects on species survival, despite some evidence for neutral or even positive effects. Typically, non-negative effects are ignored by conservation biology. The Montseny brook newt (Calotriton arnoldi) has one of the smallest distribution ranges of any European amphibian (8 km2) and is considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Here we apply molecular markers to analyze its population structure and find that habitat fragmentation owing to a natural barrier has resulted in strong genetic division of populations into two sectors, with no detectable migration between sites. Although effective population size estimates suggest low values for all populations, we found low levels of inbreeding and relatedness between individuals within populations. Moreover, C. arnoldi displays similar levels of genetic diversity to its sister species Calotriton asper, from which it separated around 1.5 million years ago and which has a much larger distribution range. Our extensive study shows that natural habitat fragmentation does not result in negative genetic effects, such as the loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding on an evolutionary timescale. We hypothesize that species in such conditions may evolve strategies (for example, special mating preferences) to mitigate the effects of small population sizes. However, it should be stressed that the influence of natural habitat fragmentation on an evolutionary timescale should not be conflated with anthropogenic habitat loss or degradation when considering conservation strategies

Geographic Variation in Advertisement Calls in a Tree Frog Species: Gene Flow and Selection Hypotheses

In a species with a large distribution relative to its dispersal capacity, geographic variation in traits may be explained by gene flow, selection, or the combined effects of both. Studies of genetic diversity using neutral molecular markers show that patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) or barrier effect may be evident for geographic variation at the molecular level in amphibian species. However, selective factors such as habitat, predator, or interspecific interactions may be critical for geographic variation in sexual traits. We studied geographic variation in advertisement calls in the tree frog Hyla japonica to understand patterns of variation in these traits across Korea and provide clues about the underlying forces for variation.We recorded calls of H. japonica in three breeding seasons from 17 localities including localities in remote Jeju Island. Call characters analyzed were note repetition rate (NRR), note duration (ND), and dominant frequency (DF), along with snout-to-vent length.The findings of a barrier effect on DF and a longitudinal variation in NRR seemed to suggest that an open sea between the mainland and Jeju Island and mountain ranges dominated by the north-south Taebaek Mountains were related to geographic variation in call characters. Furthermore, there was a pattern of IBD in mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, no comparable pattern of IBD was found between geographic distance and call characters. We also failed to detect any effects of habitat or interspecific interaction on call characters.Geographic variations in call characters as well as mitochondrial DNA sequences were largely stratified by geographic factors such as distance and barriers in Korean populations of H. japonica. Although we did not detect effects of habitat or interspecific interaction, some other selective factors such as sexual selection might still be operating on call characters in conjunction with restricted gene flow

Conservation genetics of amphibians

Amphibians are good models for investigating the genetics of wild animal populations because they are: (1) widely distributed in most ecosystems; (2) easy to sample in breeding assemblages; (3) often philopatric to breeding sites, generating high levels of population genetic structure; (4) amenable to controlled crossings in the laboratory; and (5) of major conservation concern. Neutral genetic markers, mostly microsatellites, have been used successfully in studies of amphibian effective population sizes and structures, and in assessing the consequences of hybridisation. Phylogeography has provided important insights into population histories and the fates of introductions. Quantitative genetic methods have demonstrated adaptive variation in life history traits of importance to fitness and therefore to population viability

Sistemas de classificação de enfermagem e sua aplicação na assistência: revisão integrativa de literatura Sistemas de clasificación de enfermería y su aplicación en la atención: revisión integradora de literatura Nursing classification systems and their application in care: an integrative literature review

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências sobre o uso de sistemas de classificação de enfermagem na assistência, por meio de revisão integrativa da literatura. Com a busca nas bases LILACS e PubMed, com as palavras-chave classificação, enfermagem, padronizado, sistema, linguagem, selecionaram-se 38 artigos. Encontraram-se cinco sistemas de classificação principais implementados nos serviços: de diagnósticos de enfermagem (da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International), intervenções de enfermagem (Nursing Interventions Classification), resultados de enfermagem (Nursing Outcomes Classification), a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem e a Classificação Internacional das Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva. Os artigos abordaram aspectos relacionados à implementação, avaliação, educação continuada e validação de termos relacionados aos sistemas de classificação. Há benefícios para a assistência com a implementação desses sistemas, com melhora da assistência, da qualidade das informações e da organização do serviço.<br>Este estudio buscó evidencias sobre el uso de sistemas de clasificación de enfermería en la atención, a través de revisión integradora de la literatura. Fueron utilizadas las bases de datos LILACS y PubMed, con las palabras clave clasificación, enfermería, estandarizado, sistema se seleccionaron 38 artículos. Los principales sistemas de clasificación fueron: diagnósticos de enfermería (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International), intervenciones de enfermería (Nursing Interventions Classification), resultados de enfermería (Nursing Outcomes Classification), Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería y Clasificación Internacional de Prácticas de Enfermería en Salud Pública. Los artículos aproximan aspectos relacionados con la implementación, evaluación, educación continua y validación de los términos relacionados con los sistemas de clasificación. El uso de sistemas de clasificación de enfermería ofrece beneficios, con la mejora de la atención, de la calidad de la información y de la organización de los servicios.<br>This study sought for scientific evidences on the use of nursing classification systems in care through an integrative literature review. The following databases were used: LILACS and PubMed, with the keywords classification, nursing, standardized, language, system, 38 articles were selected. Five major classification systems, implemented in the services, were found: nursing diagnosis (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International), nursing interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification), nursing outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification), the International Classification for Nursing Practice and the International Classification for Nursing Practice in Colletive Health. The articles covered aspects related to the implementation, assessment, continuing education and validation of terms related to classification systems. The use of nursing classification systems provides benefits for care, improving it, the quality of information and service organization