A Semiclassical Model of Leptons

A semi-classical model of leptons is presented on the assumption that they are stable equilibrium states of spherical bubble like extended structures with negative pressure of a false vacuum created inside and balanced by an outward stress due to vacuum polarization originating from the charge residing on the surface. The idea is a semiclassical analog of the Poincare model of the electron, where the outward classical electromagnetic stress is replaced by the stress due to vacuum polarization. Here the electron carries a bare mass (energy) due to negative pressure or equivalently a positive energy density inside and QED electromagnetic self-energy and both dependent on a cut-off radius R. Minimization of total energy with respect to R, yields a relation connecting equilibrium radius, negative pressure P, renormalized fine structure constant and lepton mass. Assumption that the maximum possible value of P corresponds most massive tau lepton is Planck pressure, enables determination of the renormalized fine structure constant and input of masses of the electron and muon determines corresponding internal negatives pressures and lepton radii. Tau lepton size is of the order of the Planck length and the muon and the electron are two and three orders of magnitude larger. Model suggests that the lepton flavor is an attribute associated with three different phases of a false vacuum

Affordable dye sensitizer by waste

Abstract The development of dye sensitizer is growing in line with the increasing demand for renewable energy. A research to obtain a dye sensitizer that is economical, safe, and produces a great value of DSSC efficiency is a challenge unresolved. On the other hand, the efforts for waste reduction are also intensively conducted to create better environment. In this paper, the variation of synthetic dye wastes from batik industries have been successfully applied as dye sensitizer and fabricated on DSSC cells. Congo red (1.0133%) yielded higher efficiency than rhodamine B (0.0126%), methyl orange (0.7560%), and naphthol blue black (0.0083%). The divergence of the efficiency of DSSC is very dependent upon the chromophore group owned by dye. This study has proven that the more chromophore group possessed by dye, the higher the efficiency of DSSC generated. This research concludes that the dye wastes have a bright future to be implemented as dye sensitizer on solar cells

Electrosynthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide

This article was published in the journal, Chemical Communications [© Royal Society of Chemistry]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc15467bThe use of CO2 for the preparation of value-added compounds has dramatically increased due to increased global warming concerns. We herein report an electrochemical cell containing a copper cathode and a magnesium anode that effectively converts epoxides and carbon dioxide to cyclic carbonates under mild electrochemical conditions at atmospheric pressure

Interplay between the Charge Transport Phenomena and the Charge-Transfer Phase Transition in RbxMn[Fe(CN)6]y · zH2O

Charge transport and dielectric measurements were carried out on compacted powder and single-crystal samples of bistable RbxMn[Fe(CN)6]y · zH2O in the two valence-tautomeric forms (MnIIFeIII and MnIIIFeII) as a function of temperature (120-350 K) and frequency (10-2-106 Hz). The complex conductivity data reveal universal conductivity behavior and obey the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa relationship. The charge transport is accompanied by dielectric relaxation that displays the same thermal activation energy as the conductivity. Surprisingly, the activation energy of the conductivity was found very similar in the two valence-tautomeric forms (∼0.55 eV), and the conductivity change between the two phases is governed mainly by the variation of the preexponential factor in each sample. The phase transition is accompanied by a large thermal hysteresis of the conductivity and the dielectric constant. In the hysteresis region, however, a crossover occurs in the charge transport mechanism at T < ∼220 K from an Arrhenius-type to a varying activation energy behavior, conferring an unusual “double-loop” shape to the hysteresis

Properties of Electrodeposited CuSCN 2D Layers and Nanowires Influenced by Their Mixed Domain Structure

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