Специфика организации транспортно-логистического кластера с приоритетом развития интеллектуальных транспортных технологий

The article examines the prospects for organizing a cluster as an effective tool for ensuring connectivity of territories of the Russian Federation through the systematic and integrated implementation of intelligent transport technologies, which corresponds to strategic directions of development of transport in the Russian Federation and determines the relevance of the topic. The objective of the study is to determine the features of organisation of the transport and logistics cluster prioritising development of intelligent transport technologies by analysing the prospects for their development, studying variability of characteristics and structure of the cluster under various conditions of its formation based on the methods of formal logic, grouping, analysis of statistical data, normative-legal information, information synthesis. The study resulted in identification of prerequisites for the most rapid development and effective implementation of intelligent transport systems within the cluster. The expediency of using this approach has been substantiated, despite its labour intensity and cost. The study suggests definitions of an innovative transport and logistics cluster, as wells as characteristics of the transport and logistics cluster prioritising intelligent transport technologies. The study revealed the specifics of organisation of this cluster, which is primarily determined by the presence of dual characteristics. The peculiarities of cluster formation are reflected in the proposed structure of the cluster under study. The role of the state in organizing an innovative transport and logistics cluster is also definedВ статье исследованы перспективы организации кластера как эффективного инструмента обеспечения связанности территорий РФ за счёт системного и комплексного внедрения интеллектуальных транспортных технологий, что соответствует стратегическим направлениям развития транспорта РФ и определяет актуальность темы. Целью исследования является определение специфики организации транспортно-логистического кластера с приоритетом развития интеллектуальных транспортных технологий посредством анализа перспективы развития данных технологий в рамках кластера, изучения вариативности характеристик и структуры кластера при различных условиях его формирования на основе методов формальной логики, группировки, анализа статистических данных, нормативно-правовой информации, синтеза информации. В результате исследования авторами выделены предпосылки наиболее быстрого развития и эффективной реализации интеллектуальных транспортных систем в рамках кластера. Обоснована целесообразность применения данного подхода, несмотря на его трудоёмкость и затратность. В исследовании конкретизировано определение инновационного транспортно-логистического кластера. Приведена характеристика транспортно-логистического кластера с приоритетом развития интеллектуальных транспортных технологий, зависящая от условия его формирования. В результате исследования выявлена специфика организации данного кластера, которая, прежде всего, определяется наличием двойственных характеристик. Особенности формирования кластера отражены в предложенной структуре исследуемого кластера. Также определена роль государства в организации инновационного транспортно-логистического кластера

Inventory of the chemicals and the exposure of the workers’ skin to these at two leather factories in Indonesia

PURPOSE: Tannery workers are exposed to hazardous chemicals. Tannery work is outsourced to newly industrialized countries (NICs) where attention into occupational health hazards is limited. In this study, we investigated the skin exposure to hazardous chemicals in tannery workers and determined the prevalence of occupational skin diseases (OSDs) at tanneries in a NIC. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on the observation of the working process and an inventory and risk assessment of the chemicals used. Classification of chemicals as potential sensitizers/irritants and a qualitative assessment of exposure to these chemicals. Workers were examined and interviewed using Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire-2002/LONG. RESULTS: The risk of OSDs at the investigated tanneries was mainly related to the exposure of the workers' skin to chemicals in hot and humid environmental conditions. In 472 workers, 12% reported a current OSD and 9% reported a history of OSD. In 10% of all cases, an OSD was confirmed by a dermatologist and 7.4% had an occupational contact dermatitis (OCD). We observed that personal protective equipment (PPE) used was mainly because of skin problems in the past and not as a primary protection against OSD. CONCLUSION: We observed a high frequency and prolonged exposure to many skin hazardous factors in tannery work although PPE was relatively easily available and which was generally used as a secondary preventative measure. The observed point-prevalence in this study was at the same level as that reported for other high-risk OSDs in Western countries and other tanneries in NICs. However, the observed point-prevalence in this study was lower than that reported in India and Korea. The results of our study and those of other studies at tanneries from other NICs were probably influenced by Healthy Worker Survivor Effect (HWSE)

Deletions in the Repertoire of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Type III Secretion Effector Genes Reveal Functional Overlap among Effectors

The γ-proteobacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 uses the type III secretion system to inject ca. 28 Avr/Hop effector proteins into plants, which enables the bacterium to grow from low inoculum levels to produce bacterial speck symptoms in tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana, and (when lacking hopQ1-1) Nicotiana benthamiana. The effectors are collectively essential but individually dispensable for the ability of the bacteria to defeat defenses, grow, and produce symptoms in plants. Eighteen of the effector genes are clustered in six genomic islands/islets. Combinatorial deletions involving these clusters and two of the remaining effector genes revealed a redundancy-based structure in the effector repertoire, such that some deletions diminished growth in N. benthamiana only in combination with other deletions. Much of the ability of DC3000 to grow in N. benthamiana was found to be due to five effectors in two redundant-effector groups (REGs), which appear to separately target two high-level processes in plant defense: perception of external pathogen signals (AvrPto and AvrPtoB) and deployment of antimicrobial factors (AvrE, HopM1, HopR1). Further support for the membership of HopR1 in the same REG as AvrE was gained through bioinformatic analysis, revealing the existence of an AvrE/DspA/E/HopR effector superfamily, which has representatives in virtually all groups of proteobacterial plant pathogens that deploy type III effectors

Occupational exposure of workers to pesticides: Toxicogenetics and susceptibility gene polymorphisms

Farm workers are often exposed to pesticides, which are products belonging to a specific chemical group that affects the health of agricultural workers and is mostly recognized as genotoxic and carcinogenic. The exposure of workers from Piauí, Brazil, to these hazardous chemicals was assessed and cytogenetic alterations were evaluated using the buccal micronucleus assay, hematological and lipid parameters, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and genetic polymorphisms of enzymes involved in the metabolism of pesticides, such as PON1, as well as of the DNA repair system (OGG1, XRCC1 and XRCC4). Two groups of farm workers exposed to different types of pesticides were evaluated and compared to matched non-exposed control groups. A significant increase was observed in the frequencies of micronuclei, kariorrhexis, karyolysis and binucleated cells in the exposed groups (n = 100) compared to controls (n = 100). No differences were detected regarding the hematological parameters, lipid profile and BChE activity. No significant difference was observed either regarding DNA damage or nuclear fragmentation when specific metabolizing and DNA repair genotypes were investigated in the exposed groups

Functional and Computational Analysis of Amino Acid Patterns Predictive of Type III Secretion System Substrates in Pseudomonas syringae

Bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SSs) deliver proteins called effectors into eukaryotic cells. Although N-terminal amino acid sequences are required for translocation, the mechanism of substrate recognition by the T3SS is unknown. Almost all actively deployed T3SS substrates in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000 possess characteristic patterns, including (i) greater than 10% serine within the first 50 amino acids, (ii) an aliphatic residue or proline at position 3 or 4, and (iii) a lack of acidic amino acids within the first 12 residues. Here, the functional significance of the P. syringae T3SS substrate compositional patterns was tested. A mutant AvrPto effector protein lacking all three patterns was secreted into culture and translocated into plant cells, suggesting that the compositional characteristics are not absolutely required for T3SS targeting and that other recognition mechanisms exist. To further analyze the unique properties of T3SS targeting signals, we developed a computational algorithm called TEREE (Type III Effector Relative Entropy Evaluation) that distinguishes DC3000 T3SS substrates from other proteins with a high sensitivity and specificity. Although TEREE did not efficiently identify T3SS substrates in Salmonella enterica, it was effective in another P. syringae strain and Ralstonia solanacearum. Thus, the TEREE algorithm may be a useful tool for identifying new effector genes in plant pathogens. The nature of T3SS targeting signals was additionally investigated by analyzing the N-terminus of FtsX, a putative membrane protein that was classified as a T3SS substrate by TEREE. Although the first 50 amino acids of FtsX were unable to target a reporter protein to the T3SS, an AvrPto protein substituted with the first 12 amino acids of FtsX was translocated into plant cells. These results show that the T3SS targeting signals are highly mutable and that secretion may be directed by multiple features of substrates

Coevolution between a Family of Parasite Virulence Effectors and a Class of LINE-1 Retrotransposons

Parasites are able to evolve rapidly and overcome host defense mechanisms, but the molecular basis of this adaptation is poorly understood. Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) are obligate biotrophic parasites infecting nearly 10,000 plant genera. They obtain their nutrients from host plants through specialized feeding structures known as haustoria. We previously identified the AVRk1 powdery mildew-specific gene family encoding effectors that contribute to the successful establishment of haustoria. Here, we report the extensive proliferation of the AVRk1 gene family throughout the genome of B. graminis, with sequences diverging in formae speciales adapted to infect different hosts. Also, importantly, we have discovered that the effectors have coevolved with a particular family of LINE-1 retrotransposons, named TE1a. The coevolution of these two entities indicates a mutual benefit to the association, which could ultimately contribute to parasite adaptation and success. We propose that the association would benefit 1) the powdery mildew fungus, by providing a mechanism for amplifying and diversifying effectors and 2) the associated retrotransposons, by providing a basis for their maintenance through selection in the fungal genome

Differential expression of genes in follicular cells of swines

The main purpose of the present study was to identify for candidate genes related to ovulation in swines. To do so, it was investigated in ovarian follicular cells through quantitative real-time PCR the differential expression of the following genes: steroidogenic acute regulator (STAR), GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), progesterone receptor (P4R), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19). These genes encode hormone receptors (FSHR and P4R), hormone (PGF2α), steroidogenic proteins (STAR and CYP19) and transcription factor (GATA). Folicular cells were collected from sows with high and low number of piglets/litters during the follicular phase of the estrus cycle. There was difference in transcript abundance among low and high prolific sows for the STAR, GATA, PGF2α, P4R and CYP19 genes. For the FSHR gene, the fold change was not considered to be significantly different. Because in the present study only the transcript level of the above mentioned genes was analyzed, no inference can be made regarded to protein translation or activity. Therefore, gene sequence trials and other functional studies will be necessary to complement the present results, allowing a better understanding on biological complexity of these genes and their use as markers for prolificity in swines.O objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar genes candidatos relacionados à ovulação em suínos. Para tanto, investigou-se a expressão diferencial dos genes STAR (steroidogenic acute regulator), GATA (GATA-binding protein 4), PGF2α (prostaglandin F2α), P4R (progesterone receptor), FSHR (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor) e CYP19 (cytochrome P450 aromatase) em células foliculares ovarianas por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qRT-PCR) quantitativo em tempo real. Esses genes codificam para receptores hormonais (FSHR e P4R) hormônio (PGF2α), proteínas esteroidogênicas (STAR e CYP19) e fator de transcrição (GATA). As células foliculares foram coletadas durante a fase folicular do ciclo estral de porcas com alto e baixo número de leitões/leitegada. Houve diferença na abundância de transcritos entre porcas com alta e baixa prolificidade para os genes STAR, GATA, PGF2α, P4R and CYP19. Para o gene do FSHR, a alteração na abundância dos transcritos não foi significativamente diferente. Considerando que foi analisado somente o nível de transcrição desses genes mencionados, não se pode fazer inferências com relação à tradução ou atividade proteica. Portanto, ensaios de sequenciamento gênico e outras análises funcionais serão necessários para complementar esses achados e possibilitar melhor entendimento da complexidade biológica desses genes e seu uso como marcadores para prolificidade em suínos

Dynamic Evolution of Pathogenicity Revealed by Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of 19 Pseudomonas syringae Isolates

Closely related pathogens may differ dramatically in host range, but the molecular, genetic, and evolutionary basis for these differences remains unclear. In many Gram- negative bacteria, including the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, type III effectors (TTEs) are essential for pathogenicity, instrumental in structuring host range, and exhibit wide diversity between strains. To capture the dynamic nature of virulence gene repertoires across P. syringae, we screened 11 diverse strains for novel TTE families and coupled this nearly saturating screen with the sequencing and assembly of 14 phylogenetically diverse isolates from a broad collection of diseased host plants. TTE repertoires vary dramatically in size and content across all P. syringae clades; surprisingly few TTEs are conserved and present in all strains. Those that are likely provide basal requirements for pathogenicity. We demonstrate that functional divergence within one conserved locus, hopM1, leads to dramatic differences in pathogenicity, and we demonstrate that phylogenetics-informed mutagenesis can be used to identify functionally critical residues of TTEs. The dynamism of the TTE repertoire is mirrored by diversity in pathways affecting the synthesis of secreted phytotoxins, highlighting the likely role of both types of virulence factors in determination of host range. We used these 14 draft genome sequences, plus five additional genome sequences previously reported, to identify the core genome for P. syringae and we compared this core to that of two closely related non-pathogenic pseudomonad species. These data revealed the recent acquisition of a 1 Mb megaplasmid by a sub-clade of cucumber pathogens. This megaplasmid encodes a type IV secretion system and a diverse set of unknown proteins, which dramatically increases both the genomic content of these strains and the pan-genome of the species