Automatic Driver Drowsiness Detection System

The proposed system aims to lessen the number of accidents that occur due to drivers’ drowsiness and fatigue, which will in turn increase transportation safety. This has become a common reason for accidents in recent times. Several facial and body gestures are considered signs of drowsiness and fatigue in drivers, including tiredness in the eyes and yawning. These features are an indication that the driver’s condition is improper. EAR (Eye Aspect Ratio) computes the ratio of distances between the horizontal and vertical eye landmarks, which is required for the detection of drowsiness. For the purpose of yawn detection, a YAWN value is calculated using the distance between the lower lip and the upper lip, and the distance will be compared against a threshold value. We have deployed an eSpeak module (text-to-speech synthesiser), which is used for giving appropriate voice alerts when the driver is feeling drowsy or is yawning. The proposed system is designed to decrease the rate of accidents and contribute to technology with the goal of preventing fatalities caused by road accidents. Over the past ten years, advances in artificial intelligence and computing technologies have improved driver monitoring systems. Several experimental studies have gathered data on actual driver fatigue using different artificial intelligence systems. In order to dramatically improve these systems' real-time performance, feature combinations are used. An updated evaluation of the driver sleepiness detection technologies put in place during the previous ten years is presented in this research. The paper discusses and displays current systems that track and identify drowsiness using various metrics. Based on the information used, each system can be categorised into one of four groups. Each system in this paper comes with a thorough discussion of the features, classification rules, and datasets it employs.&nbsp

A clinical audit of hysteroscopy in a tertiary care teaching. What challenges did we face?

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate indications, operative findings and complications in patients undergoing hysteroscopy.Methods: The data of all patients who underwent hysteroscopy in the department of obstetrics and gynecology in a tertiary care teaching hospital were included retrospectively from November 2017 to October 2018.Results: There were 59 patients who had hysteroscopy for various indications. Twelve patients and forty-seven patients were subjected to diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy respectively.  Indications for diagnostic hysteroscopy were for postmenopausal bleed (3), carcinoma of the breast on tamoxifen with bleeding PV (3), recurrent implantation failure (6). Operative hysteroscopy was performed for endometrial polyp (30), myomectomy (9), septal resection (7), copper T removal (1). Complications of hysteroscopy were: media efflux and poor visualization in 10 (17%), minor hemorrhage (9) 15.1%, perforation 2 (3.3%). Minor hemorrhage was managed with tranexamic acid. The perforation in two patients happened during the dilatation of the cervix with metal dilators.Conclusions: One of the major challenges encountered was the efflux of the distension media due to excessive cervical dilatation, which did not provide satisfactory hysteroscopic view. Another complication was perforation during cervical dilatation using Hegars dilator. Use of misoprostol and the use of small sheath hysteroscopes have minimized the need for cervical dilatation

Evaluation of effectiveness of Ponseti's method in the clubfoot management under 1-year children: a prospective study

Background: Congenital talipes equino Varus is common congenital orthopedic foot deformity in children characterized by hindfootequinus, hind foot varus, midfoot cavus, and forefoot adduction deformities. There is a necessity to analyze the number of casts employed in the treatment, compliance of bracing, relapse pattern and percentages of surgical referral under 1 year of age for clear understanding and better practice to achieve successful outcomes. This study aimed to judge the effectiveness of Ponseti in the treatment of clubfoot under 1-year old children.  Methods: The patients were selected in the OPD and evaluated for virgin idiopathic clubfoot under 1-year age. Serial casting done weekly by Ponseti method after assessing Pirani and Demeglio score before every cast.Results: In our study all 29 clubfeet that were treated by Ponseti method showed complete correction. Minimum cast being 5 and maximum being 10 casts. Corrected feet were supple, plantigrade and painless of which 1 foot had relapse<3weeks due to ill-fitting shoes. Which was subsequently corrected with repeat tenotomy and cast application.Conclusions: The Ponseti method is a safe, effective, cheap and reproducible method for correction of CTEV which significantly reduces the rate of extensive corrective surgeries for correction of clubfoot under 1-year age. For successful outcome and to prevent relapse, this technique must be applied strictly in accordance to the protocol and parents must be taught the importance of full compliance with bracing. Our series has a short follow up. Longer follow-up is needed for further evaluation of effectiveness of Ponseti method.

Arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears: analysis and functional outcome

Background: Rotator cuff injuries are common injuries occurring around the shoulder with an incidence ranging from 5 to 39%. Rotator cuff tears can be either partial thickness or full thickness. If remains untreated, may lead to persistent shoulder pain, functional limitation and decreased quality of life. In the present study, we assess the functional outcome following arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears. We also assess the various parameters affecting the functional outcome following repair.Methods: 15 patients with rotator cuff tears were subjected to this study. Preoperative evaluation of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score and University of California and Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score was done. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using single row repair with suture anchors was done. The patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months where ASES score and UCLA score were assessed.Results: Of the 15 patients, 14 had supraspinatus tear, 2 patients had infraspinatus tear and 2 patients had subscapularis tear. According to UCLA scoring system 22% patients had excellent, 43% patients had good results, 23% patients had fair results and 12% patients had poor results. ASES score also showed progressive improvement at subsequent follow ups at 3 and 6 months.Conclusions: From our present study we conclude that arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a good modality showing excellent functional outcome with less morbidity, minimal postoperative pain, better cosmesis and early resumption of daily routine activities.

FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF RED ALGORITHM FOR HIGH SPEED PUPIL ISOLATION

Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of the irises of an individual’s eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique and can be seen from some distance. Modern iris recognition algorithms can be computationally intensive, yet are designed for traditional sequential processing elements, such as a personal computer. However, a parallel processing alternative using Field Programmable Gate Array offers an opportunity to speed up iris recognition. Within the means of this project, iris template generation with directional filtering, which is a computationally expensive, yet parallel portion of a modern iris recognition algorithm, is parallelized on an FPGA system. An algorithm that is both accurate and fast in a hardware design that is small and transportable are crucial to the implementation of this tool. As part of an ongoing effort to meet these criteria, this method improves a iris recognition algorithm, namely pupil isolation. A significant speed-up of pupil isolation by implementing this portion of the algorithm on a Field Programmable Gate Array

Investigations on microbiome of the used clinical device revealed many uncultivable newer bacterial species associated with persistent chronic infections

Introduction. Chronic persistent device-related infections (DRIs) often give culture-negative results in a microbiological investigation. In such cases, investigations on the device metagenome might have a diagnostic value. Materials and Methods. The 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of clinical metagenome were performed to detect bacterial diversity on invasive medical devices possibly involved in culture-negative DRIs. Device samples were first subjected to microbiological investigation followed by metagenome analysis. Environmental DNA (e-DNA) isolated from device samples was subjected to 16SrRNA gene amplification followed by Sanger sequencing (n=14). In addition, NGS of the device metagenome was also performed (n=12). Five samples were only common in both methods. Results. Microbial growth was observed in only nine cases; among these, five cases were considered significant growth, and in the remaining four cases, growth was considered either insignificant or contaminated. Culture and sequencing analysis yielded identical results only in six cases. In culture-negative cases, Sanger sequencing of 16SrRNA gene and NGS of 16SrDNA microbiome was able to identify the presence of rarely described human pathogens, namely Streptococcus infantis, Gemella haemolysans, Meiothermus silvanus, Schlegelella aquatica, Rothia mucilaginosa, Serratia nematodiphila, and Enterobacter asburiae, along with some known common nosocomial pathogens. Bacterial species such as M. silvanus and S. nematodiphila that are never reported in human infection were also identified. Conclusions. Results of a small number of diverse samples of this pilot study might lead to a path to study a large number of device samples that may validate the diversity witnessed. The study shows that a culture free, a holistic metagenomic approach using NGS could help identify the pathogens in culture-negative chronic DRIs

Genetic Divergence Study in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

The genetic divergence of forty bitter gourd genotypes was studied for sixteen different parameters by adopting Mahalanobis D2 statistics using Tocher's method. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters irrespective of geographic divergence, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. A maximum of 32 genotypes entered in cluster I, followed by 4 genotypes in cluster II. The cluster III, IV, V and VI had single genotypes each. The maximum inter-cluster distance was obtained between cluster II and VI (1620.05) while minimum distance was between III and V (103.32). Cluster V followed by cluster VI showed superiority for yield and other desirable traits, which indicate the potentiality of these diverse genotype collection for providing basic material for future breeding programmes

Is surgery the only option for unstable ankle fracture?

Background: Ankle fracture is one of the most common injuries in sports and daily activity. Unstable ankle fracture that are displaced fracture of the lateral malleolus and most bimalleolar or trimalleolar fractures need surgical reduction and fixation.Methods: It is a single centre study in which all unstable ankle fracture above the age of 18 and not associated with any other injury were included in the study. Following fixation patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months and functional outcome was assessed with American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle score (AOFAS).Results: Supination external rotation injury was most common type. Mean AOFAS score at the end of six months was found to be best in supination adduction type. Posterior malleolus fixation with screw were found to have maximum AOFAS score.Conclusions: Surgical outcome in unstable ankle fracture are proved to have good functional outcome

Rapid and Efficient N-tert-butoxy carbonylation of Amines Catalyzed by Sulfated Tin Oxide Under Solvent-free Condition

A straightforward, rapid, and efficient protocol for the N-tert-butoxy carbonyl (N-Boc) protection of amines (aromatic, aliphatic) using sulfated tin oxide catalyst is illustrated. N-Boc protection of various amines was carried out with (Boc)2O using sulfated tin oxide as a catalyst at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. Rapid reaction times, ease of handling, cleaner reactions, easy work-up, reusable catalyst, and excellent isolated yields are the striking features of this methodology which can be considered to be one of the better methods for the protection of amines and alcohols. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v10i7.115