Spatial Variations in Factors Affecting Poverty

There is abundant research that focuses on the causes and consequences of poverty in rural areas, and on the factors that ameliorate rural poverty. While a comprehensive review of this literature is not possible in this space, we summarize the research on differences in poverty between rural and urban areas, and how factors that ameliorate poverty differ between rural and urban areas. We focus primarily on studies that are national in scale, and that looked specifically at these spatial differences and effects. Both rural people and rural places are disadvantaged relative to their urban counterparts. Although a larger portion of the poor population resides in urban areas, poverty rates are higher and more persistent in rural areas (Adams and Duncan 1992; Summers et al. 1993; Iceland 2003), and research suggests poverty rates increase as rural areas become increasingly remote (Miller and Weber 2003; Lobao and Schulman 1991;see figure 1). Fisher and Weber (2002) find that poverty rates are highest in remote rural counties and central cities, and that these areas are quite similar on other outcome measures.RUPRI Rural Poverty Research CenterIncludes bibliographical reference

Missouri Micropolitan Areas: A Demographic Profile

This brief examines how Missouri's recently defined micropolitan counties compare to traditional metropolitan and rural areas of the state. This comparison is done by using several demographic categories including: population trends, racial and educational characteristics of the residents of each area, and indices of poverty

Targeted Cattle Grazing to Enhance Sage-Grouse Brood-Rearing Habitat

Often, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) brood-rearing habitats dominated by dense mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana; >10-25% canopy cover) limit important forbs and arthropods sage-grouse rely on during summer. We investigated whether protein supplementation could concentrate cattle during fall to reduce sagebrush canopy cover and increase the diversity and abundance of forbs and arthropods. We applied targeted cattle grazing within three large, contiguous pastures in the Beaverhead Mountains of southwestern Montana. In each pasture, we selected one 4-ha macroplot of dense sagebrush (>30%). Within each macroplot, we placed low-moisture block protein supplement in four microsites (78.5-m2) and compared cattle response to four untreated control microsites. The following summer we measured herbaceous canopy cover and composition, shrub canopy cover, ground cover, forb and arthropod diversity, and arthropod density for each treated and untreated microsites. Mountain big sagebrush canopy cover was 71% less in treated vs. untreated microsites (11% vs. 38% canopy cover, respectively; P <0.001). Bite count observations indicated that sagebrush cover was reduced by cattle trampling rather than browsing, as sagebrush comprised <1% of cattle diets. Forb diversity was 13% greater in treated microsites (P = 0.094), forb species richness was 16% greater in treated microsites (P = 0.044), and forb composition trended higher in treated microsites (45% of herbaceous composition in treated microsites vs. 32% in untreated microsites; P = 0.106). Lepidoptera density trended 18% greater in treated microsites (P = .133). Our results indicate that protein supplementation during late fall can concentrate cattle to enhance sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat

The effect of processing on the dispersion of fat in an ice cream mixture

Publication authorized June 26, 1926."This experimental work... was submitted by W. K. Mosley in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the University of Missouri"--P. [3].Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (page 15)

Accessing the purity of a single photon by the width of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference

We demonstrate a method to determine the spectral purity of single photons. The technique is based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between a single photon state and a suitably prepared coherent field. We show that the temporal width of the HOM dip is not only related to reciprocal of the spectral width but also to the underlying quantum coherence. Therefore, by measuring the width of both the HOM dip and the spectrum one can directly quantify the degree of spectral purity. The distinct advantage of our proposal is that it obviates the need for perfect mode matching, since it does not rely on the visibility of the interference. Our method is particularly useful for characterizing the purity of heralded single photon states.Comment: Extended version, 16 pages, 9 figure

Producing high fidelity single photons with optimal brightness via waveguided parametric down-conversion

Parametric down-conversion (PDC) offers the possibility to control the fabrication of non-Gaussian states such as Fock states. However, in conventional PDC sources energy and momentum conservation introduce strict frequency and photon number correlations, which impact the fidelity of the prepared state. In our work we optimize the preparation of single-photon Fock states from the emission of waveguided PDC via spectral filtering. We study the effect of correlations via photon number resolving detection and quantum interference. Our measurements show how the reduction of mixedness due to filtering can be evaluated. Interfering the prepared photon with a coherent state we establish an experimentally measured fidelity of the produced target state of 78%.Comment: 15 pages, 10 Figures, published versio

The macroeconomics of aid: overview

This Special Issue explores macroeconomic effects of aid from various perspectives through a blend of studies, both conceptual and empirical in nature. The overall aim is to enhance the understanding of the macroeconomic dimensions of aid in the policy and research communities, and to inspire further innovative work in this important area. This opening article provides a scene setting summary of five generations of aid research, with a particular focus on how the JDS has contributed to this literature, and ends with an overview of the papers included in this Issue