Study on investment pattern and organizational structure of Super markets in India-An empirical evidence of Karnataka

Retail business has shown tremendous growth in the World in the recent past. In India, the organized food retailing sector is on the verge of a boom and expected to undergo further change with prospective new domestic and global foreign entrants and the takeover or exit of some existing participants. Among the Indian states, Karnataka is far more forward looking as far as food retailing is concerned. Therefore, it is imperative to study the entire business aspects of organized food retailing. The study indicated that majority of the organized supermarkets has multi outlets operating under the single management. The un-organized supermarkets were formed by the big local and conventional store owners. The average area of the supermarket outlets in Bangalore (4333 Sqft) and Mysore (3133 Sqft) is more compared to other cities of Karnataka like Mangalore (2833 Sqft), Hubli-Dharwad (1833 Sqft) and Belgaum (1200 Sqft) as the supermarkets in these cities were recently converted from the conventional ‘kirana’ format. The average total fixed cost per outlet is Rs. 78.42 lakh for the state as a whole and total costs required to establish a supermarket in the Karnataka is Rs. 261.33 lakh. The investments in establishment, modernization and expansion are capital intensive in supermarkets. In all the supermarkets, the liquid assets to total assets ratio indicated organized supermarkets seems to better than other unorganized supermarkets in terms of assets liquid ratio. Further, organized supermarkets/supermarkets in multi outlet (chain of supermarkets) firms/companies followed line, line and staff, and the functional categories of organizational structures. Whereas line organization was commonly followed in un-organized supermarkets and are family owned. Key words: Retail, Super market, Multi-outlet, Organization, Investment, Profi

Intravenous paracetamol infusion versus intramuscular tramadol as an intrapartum labor analgesic

Background: The objective of the study was to compare intravenous paracetamol and intramuscular tramadol as labor analgesics.Methods: This prospective-randomized study conducted in 200 primigravidae in active labor, distributed into two groups of 100 women each with one receiving intravenous 1,000 mg Paracetamol and other 100 mg intramuscular tramadol. Pain intensity is recorded by McGills scale before, one and 3 h after drug administration. Perinatal outcome is recorded.Results: No difference in pain intensity is seen before drug administration. After 1 h of drug administration, in paracetamol group, 4 % women had horrible pain, and 28 % had distressing pain, while in tramadol group, 30 % women had horrible pain, and 60 % had distressing pain. After 3 h of drug administration, in paracetamol group, 26 % had distressing pain, while in tramadol group, 50 % women had horrible pain, and 36 % had distressing pain. Labor duration in paracetamol and tramadol group was 4.6 and 6.0 h, respectively. In paracetamol group, nausea is seen in 2.2 % and vomiting in 1.1 %, while in tramadol group, nausea is seen in 6.4 % and vomiting in 4.3 %.Conclusions: Intravenous paracetamol is more effective labor analgesic with fewer maternal adverse effects and shortens labor as compared to intramuscular tramadol

PPIUCD versus interval IUCD (380a) insertion: a comparative study in a referral hospital of Karnataka, India

Background: Comparative evaluation of PPIUCD and interval IUCD in terms of incidence of failure, expulsions, bleeding p/v and other complications.Methods: Total 200 willing women after counseling in antenatal, early labour or post natal were inserted PPIUCD after excluding chorioamnionitis, PROM >18hrs, unresolved PPH, puerperal sepsis. Another 100 willing women were inserted interval IUCD after excluding contraindications. All were followed up to 6 months.Results: Expulsions rate was significantly higher in PPIUCD as compared to interval insertions (5.5% v/s 5%). Number of removal of IUCD was almost similar in both the groups (6.5% V/S 7%). Common causes of PPIUCD removal were social.Conclusions: Postpartum inserting of IUCD is safe effective, feasible and reversible method of contraception

Design and manufacture of a novel system to simulate the biomechanics of basic and pitching shoulder motion

Objectives: Cadaveric models of the shoulder evaluate discrete motion segments using the glenohumeral joint in isolation over a defined trajectory. The aim of this study was to design, manufacture and validate a robotic system to accurately create three-dimensional movement of the upper body and capture it using high-speed motion cameras. Methods: In particular, we intended to use the robotic system to simulate the normal throwing motion in an intact cadaver. The robotic system consists of a lower frame (to move the torso) and an upper frame (to move an arm) using seven actuators. The actuators accurately reproduced planned trajectories. The marker setup used for motion capture was able to determine the six degrees of freedom of all involved joints during the planned motion of the end effector. Results: The testing system demonstrated high precision and accuracy based on the expected versus observed displacements of individual axes. The maximum coefficient of variation for displacement of unloaded axes was less than 0.5% for all axes. The expected and observed actual displacements had a high level of correlation with coefficients of determination of 1.0 for all axes. Conclusions: Given that this system can accurately simulate and track simple and complex motion, there is a new opportunity to study kinematics of the shoulder under normal and pathological conditions in a cadaveric shoulder model

Design and manufacture of a novel system to simulate the biomechanics of basic and pitching shoulder motion

Objectives Cadaveric models of the shoulder evaluate discrete motion segments using the glenohumeral joint in isolation over a defined trajectory. The aim of this study was to design, manufacture and validate a robotic system to accurately create three-dimensional movement of the upper body and capture it using high-speed motion cameras. Methods In particular, we intended to use the robotic system to simulate the normal throwing motion in an intact cadaver. The robotic system consists of a lower frame (to move the torso) and an upper frame (to move an arm) using seven actuators. The actuators accurately reproduced planned trajectories. The marker setup used for motion capture was able to determine the six degrees of freedom of all involved joints during the planned motion of the end effector. Results The testing system demonstrated high precision and accuracy based on the expected versus observed displacements of individual axes. The maximum coefficient of variation for displacement of unloaded axes was less than 0.5% for all axes. The expected and observed actual displacements had a high level of correlation with coefficients of determination of 1.0 for all axes. Conclusions Given that this system can accurately simulate and track simple and complex motion, there is a new opportunity to study kinematics of the shoulder under normal and pathological conditions in a cadaveric shoulder model.</br

Subsequent Surgery After Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Rates and Risk Factors From a Multicenter Cohort

BACKGROUND: While revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can be performed to restore knee stability and improve patient activity levels, outcomes after this surgery are reported to be inferior to those after primary ACLR. Further reoperations after revision ACLR can have an even more profound effect on patient satisfaction and outcomes. However, there is a current lack of information regarding the rate and risk factors for subsequent surgery after revision ACLR. PURPOSE: To report the rate of reoperations, procedures performed, and risk factors for a reoperation 2 years after revision ACLR. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 1205 patients who underwent revision ACLR were enrolled in the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) between 2006 and 2011, composing the prospective cohort. Two-year questionnaire follow-up was obtained for 989 patients (82%), while telephone follow-up was obtained for 1112 patients (92%). If a patient reported having undergone subsequent surgery, operative reports detailing the subsequent procedure(s) were obtained and categorized. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for a reoperation. RESULTS: Of the 1112 patients included in the analysis, 122 patients (11%) underwent a total of 172 subsequent procedures on the ipsilateral knee at 2-year follow-up. Of the reoperations, 27% were meniscal procedures (69% meniscectomy, 26% repair), 19% were subsequent revision ACLR, 17% were cartilage procedures (61% chondroplasty, 17% microfracture, 13% mosaicplasty), 11% were hardware removal, and 9% were procedures for arthrofibrosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients aged <20 years had twice the odds of patients aged 20 to 29 years to undergo a reoperation. The use of an allograft at the time of revision ACLR (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; P = .007) was a significant predictor for reoperations at 2 years, while staged revision (bone grafting of tunnels before revision ACLR) (OR, 1.93; P = .052) did not reach significance. Patients with grade 4 cartilage damage seen during revision ACLR were 78% less likely to undergo subsequent operations within 2 years. Sex, body mass index, smoking history, Marx activity score, technique for femoral tunnel placement, and meniscal tearing or meniscal treatment at the time of revision ACLR showed no significant effect on the reoperation rate. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reoperation rate after revision ACLR at 2 years (11%), with meniscal procedures most commonly involved. Independent risk factors for subsequent surgery on the ipsilateral knee included age <20 years and the use of allograft tissue at the time of revision ACLR

Grand Challenges in global eye health: a global prioritisation process using Delphi method

Background We undertook a Grand Challenges in Global Eye Health prioritisation exercise to identify the key issues that must be addressed to improve eye health in the context of an ageing population, to eliminate persistent inequities in health-care access, and to mitigate widespread resource limitations. Methods Drawing on methods used in previous Grand Challenges studies, we used a multi-step recruitment strategy to assemble a diverse panel of individuals from a range of disciplines relevant to global eye health from all regions globally to participate in a three-round, online, Delphi-like, prioritisation process to nominate and rank challenges in global eye health. Through this process, we developed both global and regional priority lists. Findings Between Sept 1 and Dec 12, 2019, 470 individuals complete round 1 of the process, of whom 336 completed all three rounds (round 2 between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, and round 3 between April 2 and April 25, 2020) 156 (46%) of 336 were women, 180 (54%) were men. The proportion of participants who worked in each region ranged from 104 (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa to 21 (6%) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and in central Asia. Of 85 unique challenges identified after round 1, 16 challenges were prioritised at the global level; six focused on detection and treatment of conditions (cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, services for children and screening for early detection), two focused on addressing shortages in human resource capacity, five on other health service and policy factors (including strengthening policies, integration, health information systems, and budget allocation), and three on improving access to care and promoting equity. Interpretation This list of Grand Challenges serves as a starting point for immediate action by funders to guide investment in research and innovation in eye health. It challenges researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to build collaborations to address specific challenge

An economic analysis of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka, India

Abstract The extent and nature of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka state has been analyzed using secondary data collected from different publish sources of Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Bangalore, Karnataka from a period of 1998–99 to 2020–21 (i.e., 23 years). Composite Entropy Index (CEI), double log model and Markov chain analysis were applied to assess the determinants of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka. Results of C.E.I indicates that Kodagu, Dakshina kannada, Yadgir, Udupi and Shivamogga has low crop diversification. Although Karnataka’s crop diversification values show a positive trend but its coefficient value is almost zero. It shows that there is a threat for Karnataka’s crop diversification. The transition probability matrix diagram indicated that although cereals and millet groups occupied a larger share in terms of area under crops, it has a negative net gain in the probability of area retention. Double log model results revealed that the variable like MSP of coarse cereal, percentage of gross irrigated area to net irrigated area, credit inflow in to agricultural sector by the scheduled commercial bank and length of national highways are influencing the crop diversification positively. Therefore, the establishment of fundamental infrastructure, such as reliable irrigation water supply, access to credit, and well-developed transportation networks, is a crucial prerequisite for creating favorable conditions to promote agricultural development and crop diversification. These parameters have been identified as influential factors that shape the nature and extent of crop diversification. By addressing these infrastructure needs, it becomes possible to foster an environment conducive to agricultural growth and facilitate the process of diversification

Modelling and Optimisation of Chitosan Anchored Titanium Dioxide Nano-Adsorbent for Dairy Industry Effluent Treatment

The present study emphasised the efficiency of chitosan anchored titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent on dairy industry effluent treatment. Chitosan titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent was synthesised by using chemical precipitation method and characterised for its particle size, surface morphology and texture. A four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology was used to optimise the adsorption process parameters. Linear, two factor interaction, quadratic and cubic model techniques were used to demonstrate the influence of each parameter and their interaction effects on the responses. The quadratic models derived from the experimental data were used to predict the maximum per cent reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimised treatment combination for maximum per cent reduction in BOD (90.48%) and COD (82.10%) was found to be initial concentration of 100 mg L-1, pH of 7, dosage of 1.25 mg L-1 and contact time of 100 min