Cep telefonlarının yaydığı elektromanyetik dalgaların sıçan mesane morfolojisi ve ürotelyal bariyer fonksiyonu üzerine etkileri

ÖZETİnsanlar tarafından üretilen elektromanyetik dalgaların (EMD) biyolojik etkileri toplumda endişe uyandıran konuların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı GSM 1800 iletişim frekansına sahip ve en yüksek SAR değeri 1,79 W/kg olan cep telefonunun yaydığı EMD’nin erkek Wistar-albino sıçan mesanesi üzerine olan etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmamızda (her grup için n=6) ve 1) Kontrol, 2) EMD, 3) EMD Fötal, 4) Stand by (Bekleme) ve 5) Bekleme Fötal olmak üzere 5 deney grubu oluşturulmuştur. EMD ve Bekleme grubundaki sıçanlar fötal 14. günden doğumdan sonraki 60. güne kadar sırasıyla konuşma ve bekleme konumundaki cep telefonuna, EMD Fötal ve Bekleme Fötal grubundaki sıçanlar fötal 14. günden doğuma kadar olan sürede sırasıyla konuşma ve bekleme konumundaki cep telefonuna günde 2 saat boyunca maruz bırakılmışlardır. EMD maruziyetinin sıçan mesanesinde morfolojik ve mast hücre aktivasyonu üzerine etkileri ışık ve elektron mikroskobik olarak, zonula okludens 1 (ZO-1) ve E-kaderin dağılımı immünhistokimya tekniği ile ve malondialdehit (MDA) ve glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri biyokimyasal yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Morfolojik incelemede özellikle EMD grubundaki sıçanların mesanelerinde ürotelyumda dökülme, inflamatuar hücre sayısında artış ve GAG tabakasında kayıp görülmüştür. EMD grubunda toplam mast hücre sayısı anlamlı olarak artmıştır. ZO-1 dağılımı ve E-kaderin dağılımı EMD grubunda azalmıştır. Rutenyum kırmızısı ile boyanmış dokuların TEM ile yapılan incelemesinde, tüm gruplarda hücreler arası alandan bazale doğru boya girişi görülmüştür. MDA seviyesi Bekleme Fötal grubu dışındaki gruplarda anlamlı olarak artmış, GSH seviyesi tüm gruplarda anlamlı olarak düşmüştür. Mesanede mast hücre aktivasyonunda artış, sıkı bağlantıların geçirgenliğinin artması, Z0-1 dağılımında bozulma ve GAG tabakasındaki düzensizlikler, interstisyel sistit gibi enflamatuvar hastalıkların gelişimine sebep olabilir. Anahtar sözcükler: Cep Telefonu, Elektromanyetik Dalga, Sıçan, MesaneABSTRACTEffects of the Electromagnetic Waves Emitted by Mobile Phones on the Rat Bladder Morphology and Urothelial Barrier FunctionThe potential biological effects of electromagentic waves (EMDs), have become a great concern in the public. In the present study the biological effects of DCS 1800-MHz (Digital Cellular System) radiation from a common digital mobile phone which has the highest SAR value 1.79 W/kg on the urinary bladders of male wistar albino rats are investigated. The study was performed in five different groups. EMW group was exposed to EMW emmited by mobile phone on stand-by mode from embryonic day 14 until postnatal day 60. EMW fetal group was exposed to same EMW from embryonic day 14 until parturition. Stand-by group was exposed to EMW emmited by mobile phone on stand-by mode from embryonic day 14 until postnatal day 60 and stand-by fetal group was exposed the same EMW from embryonic day 14 until parturition. The exposure time was 2 hours per day for all groups. The effects of EMWs exposure were examined in terms of urothelial morphology, barrier function, inflamation and oxidative damage. The barrier function of urothelium was assessed using ZO-1 and E- cadherin immunohistochemistry and ruthenium red staining for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface morphology was evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). EMW group showed desquamation of urothelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria as well as degradation of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer of the bladder. Total mast cell number was increased in the EMW group. Decrease in the expression of junctional proteins were detected in the sections from the EMD group. The diffusion of the ruthenium red to the intercellular spaces was detected in all groups at TEM level. Finally increase in the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in the glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. Exposure intensity and time correlate with adverse effects. These changes can lead to bladder inflammatory disorders. Key Words: Cell Phone, Electromagnetic Waves. Rat, Bladde

The profile of neurology patients evaluated in the emergency department

AMAÇ: Acil servislerde, nörolojik hastalıkların tanısı için erken, hızlı ve multidisipliner yaklaşım oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada acil servise başvuran ve nöroloji konsültasyonu istenen olguların özelliklerini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. YÖNTEMLER: Çalışmaya toplam 780 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların demografik özellikleri, acil başvuru ve nöroloji konsültasyon nedenleri, nörolojik tanıları, laboratuvar (hemoglobin, beyaz küre, platelet, kan glukoz, üre, kreatinin, eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı, D-dimer düzeyleri) ve görüntüleme incelemeleri retrospektif olarak hasta dosyalarından değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Bilinç bozukluğu, nöroloji konsültasyonlarının en sık nedeni idi (%19.7). Bu hastaların, %27.9’una iskemik inme, %18.2’sine hipoksik ensefalopati, %9.1’ine serebral hemoraji tanısı konulmuştu. %11’inde ise nörolojik bir tanı düşünülmedi. Diğer sık nöroloji konsültasyonu istenen nedenler, vertigo, baş ağrısı, nöbet ve inme idi. Çalışma grubunun %43.7’sinde, klinik bulgular diğer sistemik nedenlerle ilişkili bulundu. Fokal nörolojik bulgular özellikle iskemik ve hemorajik inme, epilepsi ve hipoksik ensefalopati tanılarında saptandı. SONUÇ: Acil servislerde, fokal nörolojik bulguları bulunmayan bilinç bozukluğu olan hastalarda, ilk olarak metabolik nedenler dışlanmalıdır. Fokal nörolojik bulguların varlığında ise öncelikle intrakraniyal yapısal hastalıkların değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Dikkatlice oluşturulacak algoritimler ve nörolojik muayene eğitimleri, hastaların tanısında acil servis çalışanları için yararlı olacaktır.OBJECTIVE: Early, rapid, and multidisciplinary approaches are very important in the diagnosis of neurological disorders in emergency departments. The present study aimed to investigate the features of patients that presented for neurology consultation in the emergency department. METHODS: The present study included 780 patients. Patient demographic features, reasons for emergent treatment and neurological consultation, neurological diagnosis by the neurologist, and laboratory (total blood count, serum glucose level, urea, creatine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and D-dimer levels) and imaging findings were retrospectively evaluated based on patient charts. RESULTS: Impaired consciousness was the most frequent reason for neurological consultation (19.7%). Among these patients, ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 27.9%, hypoxic encephalopathy in 18.2%, cerebral hemorrhage in 9.1%, and 11% had no neurological diagnosis. Other common reasons for neurological consultation were vertigo, headache, seizure, and stroke. Clinical findings were related to other systemic causes in 43.7% of the study group. Focal neurological findings were present, especially in patients that presented with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, epilepsy, and hypoxic encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: In emergency departments, metabolic causes should be ruled out in patients with impaired consciousness and the absence of focal neurological signs. Intracranial structural disorders must be evaluated when focal neurological signs are present. Cautiously prepared algorithms and neurological examination training will help improve the accuracy of emergency department diagnoses

The morphological and biochemical investigation of prenatal electromagnetic wave effects on urinary bladder in rats

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of digital cellular system (DCS) 1800-MHz radiation of a common digital mobile phone which has the highest specific absorption rate value of 1.79 W/kg on the urinary bladders of male rats. Materials and Methods: Rats exposed to electromagnetic wave (EMW) emmited by mobile phones on stand-by (Stand-by Fetal Group) or discontinious transmission mode (EMW Fetal group), 2 hours per day, from embryonic day 14 until parturition or until postnatal day 60 (Stand-by Fetal Group). The urinary bladders of the animals in experimental groups were removed at postnatal day 60 and prepared for light and electron microscopical investigation. The barrier function of urothelium was evaluated using zonula occludens 1 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry and ruthenium red staining for transmission electron microscopy. Oxidative damage were evaluated by biochemical techniques. Results: EMW wave group showed desquamation of urothelial cells, increased number of mast cells, degeneration of tight junctions and dilatation of intercellular space. Finally, increase in the malondialdehyde and decrease in the glutathione levels were observed in all experimental groups when compared to Those in the control group. Conclusion: Exposure intensity and time length correlate with adverse effects in developing period of the urinary bladder. These changes may lead to urinary bladder inflammatory disorders

Which is the Best Predictive Factor of Ovarian Response; Age, Basal FSH or Basal Estradiol

OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the association between basal estradiol, FSH, age and ovarian response in the present study. STUDY DESIGN: Three- hundred twenty- nine cycles from 285 patients who admitted to Cukurova University IVF Unit were evaluated. Hormone analysis was done at one day between 3rd-5th day of the menstruel cycle. A long stimulation protocol was used with GnRHa / HMG or recFSH / HCG. 34-35h after HCG injection, an ultrasound guided transvaginal ovum pick up was performed under general anesthesia. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 32.49 ± 0.29 range (19-45). The mean basal FSH levels were 7.40±0.24 mIU/ml (11.38-39.69), mean LH levels were 5.9<±0.19 mIU/ml (1.26-24.68) and mean basal E2 levels were 59.40±1.20 pg/ml (17.102). The mean number of follicles which were ≥18mm and aspirated was 7.04±0.29 with a maximum of 22 follicles. The mean of oocytes picked up was 6.14±0.27 with a maximum of 21. Cycle cancellation rate after IVF was found lower in patients younger than 40, have FSH level < 12 mIU/ml. and estradiol level < 80 pg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: We found that basal FSH was more useful in evaluation of ovarian response when compared with basal estradiol and age. Combination of basal FSH and E2 is safer to use together for the evaluation of ovarian response

Prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities in Turkey

Objective: To evaluate retrospectively the prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities in patient records obtained from healthcare centers in Turkey. Method: Demographic characteristics and data on cervical cytological abnormalities were evaluated from patients who underwent flap tests in healthcare centers in 2007. Results: Data were collected from 33 healthcare centers totaling 140 334 patients. Overall, the prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities was 1.8%; the prevalence of ASCUS, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL, and AGC was 1.07%, 0.07%, 0.3%, 0.17%, and 0.08%, respectively. The prevalence of preinvasive cervical neoplasia was 1.7% and the prevalence of cytologically diagnosed invasive neoplasia was 0.06%. Conclusion: The abnormal cervical cytological prevalence rate in Turkey is lower than in Europe and North America. This might be due to sociocultural differences, lack of population-based screening programs, or a lower HPV prevalence rate in Turkey