Contexts and constructions of Ottoman science with special reference to astronomy

The two approaches that restrict, and perhaps even hinder, the study of the history of science in the Ottoman context are as follows: 1) Ottoman Science is expected to be progressive and even modern; 2) Ottoman Science is considered a continuation of Arabic science. This thesis claims that both approaches are unlikely to bear any fruit, or to display the more pertinent and interesting aspects of Ottoman science. The first approach restricts the study of the history of science in the Ottoman context because Ottoman science shows little progress across the centuries; because much of that progress has been borrowed, transferred or appropriated, from modern Europe, and because "progress" itself, beyond perfecting and correcting prevalent scientific theories, does not seem to be an ideal of science as practised in the Ottoman Empire; and because early modern science itself was not unambiguously progressive. The second approach is restrictive because it overlooks the fact that the majority of Greek and Arabic science was incorporated into both European and Ottoman learning, and the Ottomans for the most part, were not exclusive heirs to Arab learning. Moreover, when one speaks of the Ottomans, one does not necessarily speak of Turks and Arabs, but also of Greeks, Jews, South-east Europeans, emigrés from very different ethnic and religious backgrounds as well as many others. The first chapter will try to define 'ilm, the Arabic word most Ottomans who spoke Turkish or Arabic used to connote learning and science, and distinguish it from modern science as we know it today. The second chapter will treat Greek learning before and during Ottoman domination and will try to highlight the role Ottoman Greeks have played in the Ottoman intellectual and scientific scene. The third and fourth chapters will evaluate from a comparative perspective the history of Ottoman and European astronomy in early modernity. This chapter seeks to show the similarities between the study of astronomy in the two scientific ecumenes. The fifth and last chapter is a critical overview of the the historiography of Ottoman Science

Yaş Tip Yaşa Bağlı Makula Dejenerasyonu Nedeniyle Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Bevacizumab, Pegaptanib veya Bunların Ardışık Tedavileri Uygulanan Hastaların Uzun Dönem Görsel ve Anatomik Sonuçlarının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi

The purpose of this study is investigation of long term visual and anatomic outcomes retrospectively in patients who had undergone intravitreal ranibizumab, bevacizumab, pegaptanib monotherapies or consecutive therapies of these agents because of neovascular age related macular degeneration and followed for more than one year, and evaluation of effect these therapies on vision level and macular thickness. For this purpose, 82 patients who had undergone ranibizumab monotherapy (group 1) and 10 patients who had undergone consecutive therapies with more than 1 agent (group 2), a total of 92 patients were included in the study. Consecutive therapies were bevacizumab and ranibizumab in 7 patients, pegaptanib and ranibizumab in 3 patients. Patients receiving only bevacizumab and only pegabtanib therapy couldn't be included in the study as to all medical data of these patients were not available. Visual acuity and macular thickness of patients were analysed retrospectively. Average age of the patients was 72.3 ± 6.6 months (57-85), average follow-up period was 47.5 ± 13.5 months (24-75) and average number of visits was 25.4 ± 10.1 (8-49). In the follow-up period, for ranibizumab group average 7.7 ± 4.4 (2-21) and for consecutive therapy group average 9.1 ± 3.9 (2-15) injection was performed. In ranibizumab group initial average best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 48,4 ± 15 (15-76) letters, it was 51,2 ± 20 (1-80) letters in first year, 45,9 ± 19 (1-80) letters in second year, 43,7 ± 21 (3-80) letters in third year, 47,6 ± 23 (5-80) letters in fourth year, and 48,7 ± 19 (7-75) letters in fifth year. In consecutive therapy group initial average BCVA was found as 52,4 ± 16 (28-78) letters, it was 48,2 ± 15 (31-73) letter in first year, 31,1 ± 22 (2-70) letters in second year, 38,6 ± 2 (5-70) letters in third year, 37,0 ± 24 (15-77) letters in fourth year, and 42,5 ± 18 (30-55) letters in fifth year. The change in the visual acuity showed similar pattern in both groups. But, while at the begining of the study 92 patients were evaluated, that number decreased to 66 patients at the third year and to 24 patients at the fifth year. Because of the big difference in patient numbers, statistical analysis for comparing visual acuity change between two groups, could not be performed. The initial average macular thickness was 300 ± 76 (178-552) microns in ranibizumab therapy group, it was found as 273 ± 82 (166-647) microns at first year, 277 ± 90 (131-666) microns at second year, 275 ± 106 (142-734) microns at third year, 262 ± 81 (160-587) microns at fourth year, and 245 ± 49 (138-359) microns at fifth year. In consecutive therapy group, initial average macular thickness was measured as 332 ± 69 (208-403) microns, 320 ± 98 (183-460) microns at first year, 362 ± 148 (200-633) microns at second year, 383 ± 140 (259-677) microns at third year, 363 ± 194 (215-768) microns at fourth year, and 266 ± 44 (236-316) microns at fifth year. At the end of the follow-up period, of 92 patients included in the study, in 62 patients macular scar, in 7 patients macular atrophy developed. In conclusion, with ranibizumab monotherapy or consecutive therapies, visual acuity can be maintained about 3 years, but in most of the patients geographic atrophy or scar developed.Bu çalışmada amaç yaş tip yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonu nedeniyle intravitreal ranibizumab, bevacizumab, pegaptanib veya bunların ardışık tedavileri uygulanan ve bir yıldan uzun süredir takipte olan hastaların görsel ve anatomik sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelemek ve bu tedavilerin görme düzeyi ve maküler kalınlık üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla ranibizumab tedavisi alan 82 hasta (grup 1) ve ardışık tedavi (grup 2) gören 10 hasta olmak üzere toplam 92 hasta çalışmaya alındı. Ardışık tedavi uygulanan 7 hastaya bevacizumab ve ranibizumab, 3 hastaya ise pegaptanib ve ranibizumab uygulanmıştı. Tüm verilerine ulaşılamadığı için sadece bevacizumab ve sadece pegaptanib tedavisi gören hastalar çalışmaya alınamamıştır. Hastaların görme keskinlikleri ve makula kalınlıkları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların ortalama yaşı 72.3 ± 6.6 (57-85), ortalama takip süresi 47.5 ± 13.5 (24-75) ay olup ortalama vizit sayısı ise 25.4 ± 10.1 (8-49) idi. Takip süresinde ranibizumab tedavi grubuna ortalama 7.7 ± 4.4 (2-21), ardışık tedavi grubuna ise ortalama 9.1 ± 3.9 (2-15) enjeksiyon uygulanmıştı. Ranibizumab tedavi grubunda başlangıç en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (EİDGK) 48,4 ± 15 (15-76) harf iken, 1. yıl 51,2 ± 20 (1-80) harf, 2. yıl 45,9 ± 19 (1-80) harf, 3. yıl 43,7 ± 21 (3-80) harf, 4. yıl 47,6 ± 23 (5-80) harf, 5. yıl ise 48,7 ± 19 (7-75) harf olarak bulunmuştur. Ardışık tedavi grubunda ise başlangıç EİDGK 52,4 ± 16 (28-78) harf iken, 1. yıl 48,2 ± 15 (31-73) harf, 2. yıl 31,1 ± 22 (2-70) harf, 3. yıl 38,6 ± 2 (5-70) harf, 4. yıl 37,0 ± 24 (15-77) harf, 5. yıl ise 42,5 ± 18 (30-55) harf olarak bulunmuştur. Her iki grupta da değişimin benzer bir patern izlediği görülmüştür. Fakat başlangıçta 92 hasta değerlendirmeye alınırken bu sayı 3. yılda 66' ya 5. yılda ise 24' e düşmüştür. Hasta sayısı farkı nedeniyle görme keskinliği değişimini iki grup arasında karşılaştırmak için istatistiksel analiz yapılmamıştır. Ranibizumab tedavi gubunda başlangıç makula kalınlığı ortalama 300 ± 76 (178-552) mikron iken, 1. yıl 273 ± 82 (166-647) mikron, 2. yıl 277 ± 90 (131-666) mikron, 3. yıl 275 ± 106 (142-734) mikron, 4. yıl 262 ± 81 (160-587) mikron, 5. yıl ise 245 ± 49 (138-359) mikron olarak bulunmuştur. Ardışık tedavi grubunda ise başlangıç makula kalınlığı ortalama 332 ± 69 (208-403) mikron, 1. yıl 320 ± 98 (183-460) mikron, 2. yıl 362 ± 148 (200-633) mikron, 3. yıl 383 ± 140 (259-677) mikron, 4. yıl 363 ± 194 (215-768) mikron, 5. yıl ise 266 ± 44 (236-316) mikron olarak ölçülmüştür. Takip süresi sonunda çalışmaya alınan 92 gözden 62' sinde skar, 7' inde ise atrofi gelişmiştir. Sonuç olarak ranibizumab tedavisi veya ardışık tedavi ile yaklaşık 3 yıl boyunca görme keskinliği stabilizasyonu sağlanabilmekte hastaların çoğunda coğrafik atrofi ya da skar gelişmektedir

Response to Nir Shafir

I wrote Science without Leisure as an accessible monograph for people who are interested in Ottoman science. Part of my intended audience were historians of science and Ottoman historians who perhaps did not have science in their ana- lytic toolkit. Although the subject has become more approachable, perhaps even somewhat fashionable, in recent years, there seemed to be little in the history of Ottoman science to attract broad scholarly attention merely a decade ago. Even classically trained historians of Islamic science have avoided the topic more or less entirely. Anyone who takes a close look at histories of science that include the Ot- tomans will note that the year 1600, give or take, is a common endpoint. When they do not end around 1600, the assumption on display is that things just kept going as they did before 1600. Many of these works read the lack of a theoretical leap as theoretical continuity, while Science without Leisure proposes that maybe there was no theory to keep or break

Comparison of Ranibizumab versus Aflibercept in Treating Macular Edema among Patients with Serous Retinal Detachment Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of ranibizumab and aflibercept in macular edema (ME) with serous retinal detachment (SRD) following branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: Once every month for 3 months, 33 patients were treated with ranibizumab (Group 1), whereas 30 others were treated with aflibercept (Group 2). In 9 months after that, patients were evaluated every 4 weeks and received additional injections if they met prespecified criteria for retreatment. Corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and height of SRD was measured. Results: During the first 3 months, the improvement of CFT, BCVA, and height of SRD were greater in Group 2 than Group 1. Those differences disappeared in the subsequent 9 months, and changes in CFT, BCVA, and height of SRD were similar between groups at all other visits. Conclusion: Aflibercept was more effective than ranibizumab from baseline to Month 3 in ME with SRD following BRVO