正義の概念について : 西洋哲学を中心にして

この小稿は、正義、公正、善といった概念について、ギリシアの哲学者アリストテレスのニコマコス倫理学から、近年話題となったハーバード大学教授ジョン・ロールズの正義論に至るまで、その間に、トマス・アクィナス、トマス・ホッブス、ジャン・ジャック・ルソー、フェルディナンド・テンニース、グスタフ・ラートブルフなどの考えを考察した。正義の概念で最も広く受け入れられており、その基本となす考えは、アリストテレスの配分的正義と呼ばれ、これは各人にふさわしいものを各人に平等に配分するということで、この考えは、各々同一の状態のもとで、異なった結果でないかぎりは、配分は同じようになされなければならないとの原則である。近年、世界的に大きな問題が出来している。それは、英国の欧州連合（EU）からの離脱であり、シリアの内戦で、世界に不安定さが漂っている。私たちは、ときどき、過ちを起こしてしまう。不正義やアンフェアな行動をとることがある。それは、グローバル化の潮流の下でのそれまでとのギャップであったり、保護主義であったり、宗教上の関係であったりしている。私たちは、英国がEUを離脱したことやトランプ大統領の米国第一主義がどういうふうに歩むのかを注目しなければならない。彼らの行動が正義で公正なのかということを凝視しなければならない。In this paper, which is written about justice, fairness, goodness, from ancient times, Nicomachean Ethics written by the Greek philosopher Aristoteles, to A Theory of Justice written by the late Harvard professor John Rawls in U.S., with other notable philosophers - St. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ferdinand Tönnies and Gustav Radbruch etc.,in Western culture and civilization.The most fundamental principle of justice-one that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotles more than two thousand years ago. It is the principle that equals should be treated equally. This principle is described as below: individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved.Recently, We have global issues, to think of justice and fairness around the world in a very unstable condition due to the shock of UK exit from EU and Syria’s civil wars.We generally hold that it is sometimes unjust and unfair to give individuals special treatment on the basis of globalization gap,domestic-oriented or religious preferences, under borderless with the rise of the Internet etc.We are going to pay attention to that world affairs which are, UK to make a decision to leave EU, the principle of own country of the best cards (or principle of equality for citizens and non-citizens) of President D. Trump. Are affirmative activities justice and fairness

Distinguishing Orthodontic Experts From Laypersons Through Gaze Analysis

Visual inspection is an important process conducted as an initial diagnostic step in medical examinations. It is assumed that the gaze movements of an orthodontist (expert) differ from those of a layperson. In this study, to examine whether the degree of proficiency in conducting a visual examination can be estimated from gaze movement, we conducted a gaze measurement experiment in which facial images (frontal and lateral images of three patients) were viewed by ten experts and ten laypersons. The performance in discriminating whether a subject was an expert or layperson exhibited a certain improvement when applying an aggregation method for the gaze data, that is, the grid gaze frequency and AOI gaze frequency. We examined whether proficiency levels could be determined using machine learning techniques. The results demonstrated that our method distinguished experts and laypersons relatively effectively using gaze frequency based on the grid and area of interest set by an expert for each face part