Pohjoiset taajamapuut

ei saatavill

Quantification of the effect of environmental changes on the brownification of Lake Kukkia in southern Finland

The browning of surface waters due to the increased terrestrial loading of dissolved organic carbon is observed across the northern hemisphere. Brownification is often explained by changes in large-scale anthropogenic pressures (including acidification, and climate and land-use changes). We quantified the effect of environmental changes on the brownification of an important lake for birds, Kukkia in southern Finland. We studied the past trends of organic carbon loading from catchments based on observations taken since the 1990s. We created hindcasting scenarios for deposition, climate and land-use change in order to simulate their quantitative effect on brownification by using process-based models. Changes in forest cuttings were shown to be the primary reason for the brownification. According to the simulations, a decrease in deposition has resulted in a slightly lower leaching of total organic carbon (TOC). In addition, runoff and TOC leaching from terrestrial areas to the lake was smaller than it would have been without the observed increasing trend in temperature by 2 & DEG;C in 25 years

Quantification of forest carbon flux and stock uncertainties under climate change and their use in regionally explicit decision making: Case study in Finland

Uncertainties are essential, yet often neglected, information for evaluating the reliability in forest carbon balance projections used in national and regional policy planning. We analysed uncertainties in the forest net biome exchange (NBE) and carbon stocks under multiple management and climate scenarios with a process-based ecosystem model. Sampled forest initial state values, model parameters, harvest levels and global climate models (GCMs) served as inputs in Monte Carlo simulations, which covered forests of the 18 regions of mainland Finland over the period 2015–2050. Under individual scenarios, the results revealed time- and region-dependent variability in the magnitude of uncertainty and mean values of the NBE projections. The main sources of uncertainty varied with time, by region and by the amount of harvested wood. Combinations of uncertainties in the representative concentration pathways scenarios, GCMs, forest initial values and model parameters were the main sources of uncertainty at the beginning, while the harvest scenarios dominated by the end of the simulation period, combined with GCMs and climate scenarios especially in the north. Our regionally explicit uncertainty analysis was found a useful approach to reveal the variability in the regional potentials to reach a policy related, future target level of NBE, which is important information when planning realistic and regionally fair national policy actions. A Correction to this article was published on 12 September 2023

Heterozygous premature termination in zinc-finger domain of Kruppel-like factor 2 gene associates with dysregulated immunity

Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor with significant roles in development, maturation, differentiation, and proliferation of several cell types. In immune cells, KLF2 regulates maturation and trafficking of lymphocytes and monocytes. KLF2 participates in regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) pathway. Although pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to KLF2 genetic variant has been suggested, genetic role of KLF2 associated with immune dysregulation has not been described. We identified a family whose members suffered from lymphopenia, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Whole exome sequencing revealed a KLF2 p.(Glu318Argfs*87) mutation disrupting the highly conserved zinc finger domain. We show a reduced amount of KLF2 protein, defective nuclear localization and altered protein-protein interactome. The phenotypically variable positive cases presented with B and T cell lymphopenia and abnormalities in B and T cell maturation including low naive T cell counts and low CD27(+)IgD(-)IgM(-) switched memory B cells. KLF2 target gene (CD62L) expression was affected. Although the percentage of (CD25(+)FOXP3(+), CD25(+)CD127(-)) regulatory T cells (Treg) was high, the naive Treg cells (CD45RA(+)) were absent. Serum IgG1 levels were low and findings in one case were consistent with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Transcription of NF-kappa beta pathway genes and p65/RelA phosphorylation were not significantly affected. Inflammasome activity, transcription of genes related with JAK/STAT pathway and interferon signature were also comparable to controls. Evidence of PAH was not found. In conclusion, KLF2 variant may be associated with familial immune dysregulation. Although the KLF2 deficient family members in our study suffered from lymphopenia, autoimmunity or malignancy, additional study cohorts are required to confirm our observations.Peer reviewe

Cerebrospinal Fluid TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients with and without the C9ORF72 Hexanucleotide Expansion

Peer reviewe

Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in the landscape : Approach for spatially explicit estimates

Climate change mitigation is a global response that requires actions at the local level. Quantifying local sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) facilitate evaluating mitigation options. We present an approach to collate spatially explicit estimated fluxes of GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) for main land use sectors in the landscape, to aggregate, and to calculate the net emissions of an entire region. Our procedure was developed and tested in a large river basin in Finland, providing information from intensively studied eLTER research sites. To evaluate the full GHG balance, fluxes from natural ecosystems (lakes, rivers, and undrained mires) were included together with fluxes from anthropogenic activities, agriculture and forestry. We quantified the fluxes based on calculations with an anthropogenic emissions model (FRES) and a forest growth and carbon balance model (PREBAS), as well as on emission coefficients from the literature regarding emissions from lakes, rivers, undrained mires, peat extraction sites and cropland. Spatial data sources included CORINE land use data, soil map, lake and river shorelines, national forest inventory data, and statistical data on anthropogenic activities. Emission uncertainties were evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations. Artificial surfaces were the most emission intensive land-cover class. Lakes and rivers were about as emission intensive as arable land. Forests were the dominant land cover in the region (66%), and the C sink of the forests decreased the total emissions of the region by 72%. The region's net emissions amounted to 4.37 +/- 1.43 Tg CO2-eq yr(-1), corresponding to a net emission intensity 0.16 Gg CO2-eq km(-2) yr(-1), and estimated per capita net emissions of 5.6 Mg CO2-eq yr(-1). Our landscape approach opens opportunities to examine the sensitivities of important GHG fluxes to changes in land use and climate, management actions, and mitigation of anthropogenic emissions. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.peerReviewe

InDEx – Industrial Data Excellence

InDEx, the Industrial Data Excellence program, was created to investigate what industrial data can be collected, shared, and utilized for new intelligent services in high-performing, reliable and secure ways, and how to accomplish that in practice in the Finnish manufacturing industry.InDEx produced several insights into data in an industrial environment, collecting data, sharing data in the value chain and in the factory environment, and utilizing and manipulating data with artificial intelligence. Data has an important role in the future in an industrial context, but data sources and utilization mechanisms are more diverse than in cases related to consumer data. Experiences in the InDEx cases showed that there is great potential in data utili zation.Currently, successful business cases built on data sharing are either company-internal or utilize an existing value chain. The data market has not yet matured, and third-party offerings based on public and private data sources are rare. In this program, we tried out a framework that aimed to securely and in a controlled manner share data between organizations. We also worked to improve the contractual framework needed to support new business based on shared data, and we conducted a study of applicable business models. Based on this, we searched for new data-based opportunities within the project consortium. The vision of data as a tradeable good or of sharing with external partners is still to come true, but we believe that we have taken steps in the right direction.The program started in fall 2019 and ended in April 2022. The program faced restrictions caused by COVID-19, which had an effect on the intensity of the work during 2020 and 2021, and the program was extended by one year. Because of meeting restrictions, InDEx collaboration was realized through online meetings. We learned to work and collaborate using digital tools and environments. Despite the mentioned hindrances, and thanks to Business Finland’s flexibility, the extension time made it possible for most of the planned goals to be achieved.This report gives insights in the outcomes of the companies’ work within the InDEx program. DIMECC InDEx is the first finalized program by the members of the Finnish Advanced Manufacturing Network (FAMN, www.famn.fi).</p

Vesistön dynaaminen monitavoitteinen säännöstely

Etelä ja Keski-Suomessa sijaitsevan Päijänne-Kymijoen vesistön säännöstely on määritelty Päijänteen vedenkorkeuksien tavoitetasojen ja virtausrajoitusten avulla. Vesistön eri käyttäjäryhmillä on erilaisia mielipiteitä tämän hetkisestä säännöstelykäytännöstä, jonka kehittäminen on osa RESTORE 2000-hanketta. Tässä työssä on kehitetty malli erilaisten säännöstelystrategioiden vaikutuksien laskemiseen päätöksentekoprosessin arvokeskustelun pitämiseksi realistisena. Uudet strategiat määritellään kuuden vuotuisen tavoitekorkeuden avulla. Työssä tutkitaan myös taulukkolaskentaympäristön soveltuvuutta dynaamisten, suurien ongelmien ratkaisemisessa. Työ on tehty yhteistyössä Suomen Ympäristökeskuksen kanssa. Työn alussa mallinnetaan koko vesistö vedenkorkeuksien, virtaamien ja juoksutuksien avulla käyttäen havaintohistoriaa. Stokastiikka on huomioitu käyttämällä sisääntulovirtaamina historiassa havaittuja virtaamia. Vesistön säännöstelyä mallinnetaan minimoimalla vedenpinnan tavoitekorkeuksien (tai välien) ja simuloitujen korkeuksien erotusten neliösummaa dynaamisella eteenpäin liikkuvalla kahden kuukauden suunnittelujaksolla. Myös säännöstelyn vaikutukset vesistöön ja sen ympäristöön mallinnetaan vedenkorkeuksien ja virtaamien funktioina. Malli toteutetaan Microsoft Excel taulukkolaskentaympäristössä. Optimointiin käytetään Excelin Solver rutiinia. Tämä käyttäjän määrittelemiä säännöstelystrategioita simuloiva sovellus on nimeltään ISMO (Interaktiivinen Säännöstelykäytännön Monitavoitteinen Optimointi). ISMO:n tuottamat ratkaisut eivät ole yksikäsitteisiä: Käytettäessä täydellisiä sisääntulovirtauksien ennusteita saadaan hyvä kuva säännöstelykäytännön vaikutuksista. Tämä on kuitenkin liian optimistinen oikean säännöstelijän kykyjen suhteen. Oikeiden ennusteiden käyttö tuottaa todenmukaisia tuloksia, mutta samalla säännöstelykäytännön vaikutukset katoavat ennustevirheiden aiheuttamien vaikutuksien joukkoon. Kokonaisuudessaan vesistön ja vaikutuksien mallintaminen onnistuu kuitenkin luotettavasti ja ohjelma tuottaa ainakin suuntaa antavia tuloksia vesistön käyttäytymisestä. Taulukkolaskentaympäristö, kuten Microsoft Excel, osoittautuu toimivaksi suurienkin päätöksenteon tukiohjelmistojen kehitysympäristönä. Makrojen ohjelmointi, visualisoinnin sekä käyttöliittymän suunnittelu on suhteellisen helppoa. Solujen linkittyminen tuo kuitenkin ohjelmointityöhön odottamattomia ongelmia ja lisätyötä, eikä Solver ole aina luotettava. Kehittyessään käytetyt ohjelmistot ja optimointiprosessit ovat käyttökelpoisia työvälineitä päätöksenteon tukemiseen