18 research outputs found

    Reactions of the donor-stabilized silylene bis n,n '-diisopropyl-benzamidinato(-) silicon(ii) with bronsted acids

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    Reaction of the donor-stabilized silylene 1 (which is three-coordinate in the solid state and four-coordinate in solution) with [HMCp(CO

    Bis[N,N®-diisopropylbenzamidinato(–)]silicon(ii): Lewis-Acid/Lewis-Base Reactions with Triorganylboranes

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    Reaction of the donor-stabilized silylene 1 (which is three-coordinate in the solid state and four-coordinate in solution) with BE

    Can ecological and economic sustainability be combined? : A study of a neoclassical equilibrium model and its relation to sustainability

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    Bakgrunden till examensarbetet Àr att aktiviteter kopplat till den globala ekonomin samt tillvÀxt av denna har skapat en situation som i dagslÀget inte uppfyller den ekologiska dimensionen av hÄllbarhet. Lösningar för att minska den miljöpÄverkan som sker idag samtidigt som ekonomisk tillvÀxt sker har kritiserats och istÀllet föreslÄs ekonomier med lÄg eller ingen tillvÀxt. Med bakgrund till detta har forskningsprojektet Bortom BNP-tillvÀxt startat och examensarbetet genomförs hos ekonomiska modeller som Àr ett av projektets arbetspaket.Syftet med examensarbetet Àr dels att utreda hur en eventuell hÄllbarhetsproblematik med en fortsatt BNP-tillvÀxt ser ut för att avgöra om en konflikt mellan ekonomisk och ekologisk hÄllbarhet existerar. Syftet gÄr ocksÄ ut pÄ att simulera en neoklassisk jÀmviktsmodell för att studera hur en sÄdan reagerar för olika tillvÀxtscenarier (tillvÀxt, nolltillvÀxt och negativ tillvÀxt). För att avgöra detta studeras parametrarna BNP, konsumtion, investeringar, mÀngd kapital och mÀngd arbetade timmar. Tanken Àr att kartlÀggningen av en eventuell konflikt mellan ekologisk och ekonomisk hÄllbarhet i kombination med analysen av jÀmviktsmodellen ska kunna anvÀndas för att avgöra hur ekonomiska modeller som tar hÀnsyn till bÄde den ekologiska och den ekonomiska dimensionen av hÄllbarhet ska kunna utformas.Huruvida en konflikt mellan den ekonomiska och ekologiska dimensionen av hÄllbarhet existerar utreds med hjÀlp av en litteraturstudie. Vidare stÀlls den neoklassiska jÀmviktsmodellen inte upp frÄn grunden, istÀllet anvÀnds en redan fÀrdig jÀmviktsmodell för den finska ekonomin som sedan utvecklas efter förutsÀttningar i svenska data. Modellen simuleras mellan 1990-2035 för scenarierna tillvÀxt, nolltillvÀxt och negativ tillvÀxt. Dessutom görs en simulering av nolltillvÀxt dÀr arbetstiden successivt minskar.Litteraturstudien visar att en potentiell konflikt mellan den ekologiska och den ekonomiska dimensionen av hÄllbarhet existerar. Simuleringarna för den neoklassiska jÀmviktsmodellen ger tillförlitliga resultat för parametrarna BNP, konsumtion och mÀngd arbetade timmar. Modellens stora svaghet Àr dock investeringar som avviker i jÀmförelse med data, nÄgot som antagligen ocksÄ Àr skÀlet till att mindre avvikelser uppkommer för mÀngden kapital.JÀmviktsmodellen och litteraturstudien diskuteras sedan och slutsatsen dras att den största svagheten hos den neoklassiska jÀmviktsmodellen Àr att den inte tar hÀnsyn till naturresurser (inklusive energi) som produktionsfaktor samt hur föroreningar pÄverkar dessa. Ett förslag som i sin tur tas fram utifrÄn slutsatserna Àr att uppdatera ekonomiska modeller (exempelvis jÀmviktsmodellen) för att inkludera naturresurser som produktionsfaktor sÄ att modellerna Àven tar hÀnsyn till den ekologiska dimensionen av hÄllbarhet. Resultatet av en sÄdan modell skulle sedan kunna anvÀndas för att kommunicera en optimal nivÄ pÄ BNP och skapa konsensus mellan nationalekonomer, miljövetare och politiska beslutsfattare om hur en potentiell konflikt mellan ekonomisk och ekologisk hÄllbarhet kan hanteras.The background to this master thesis is that the activities linked to the global economy and its growth has created a situation that currently does not uphold the ecological dimension of sustainability. Solutions to reduce the environmental impact of today while economic growth occurs has been criticized and instead economies with low or no growth have been proposed. With this in mind, the research project Beyond GDP growth have started. The master thesis is carried out for economic models which is one of the work packages within the project.The aim of the master thesis is partly to investigate the issue of sustainability with continued GDP growth to determine whether a possible conflict between economic and ecological sustainability exists. The objective is also to simulate a neoclassical equilibrium model for the Swedish economy to study its responses for different growth scenarios (growth, zero growth and negative growth). The parameters GDP, consumption, investment, amount of capital and amount of hours worked are studied. The idea is that the identification of a possible conflict between ecological and economic sustainability, combined with the analysis of the equilibrium model can be used to determine how economic models that take into account both the ecological and the economic dimension of sustainability could be designed.Whether a conflict between the economical and the ecological dimensions of sustainability exists is investigated with the help of a literature review. Furthermore, the neoclassical equilibrium model is not developed from scratch. Instead an already finished equilibrium model of the Finnish economy is used, which is then developed after prerequisites in the Swedish data. The model is then simulated in the time period 1990-2035 with scenarios for growth, zero growth and negative growth. Furthermore, a scenario of zero growth in which working hours are gradually decreases is simulated.The literature review indicates that a potential conflict between the ecological and the economical dimension of sustainability exist. The simulations of the neoclassical equilibrium model provides reliable results for the parameters GDP, consumption and amount of hours worked. The model's major weakness, however, is investments that differs in comparison with the data, which is probably the reason that minor deviations also occurs for amount of capital.The equilibrium model and the literature review are then discussed and the conclusion is made that the biggest weakness of the neoclassical equilibrium model is that it does not take into account natural resources (including energy) as a production function nor how pollutants affect them. A proposal which in turn is drawn up based on the conclusions is to update economic models (e.g. the equilibrium model) to include natural resources as a production factor so that the models also take into account the ecological dimension of sustainability. The result of such a model could then be used to communicate an optimal level of GDP and create consensus among economists, environmental scientists and policy makers about how a potential conflict between economic and ecological sustainability can be managed

    Implant survival or implant success? Evaluation of implant-based prosthetic rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients—a prospective observational study

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    Objectives Definition of implant success is unclear in prosthetic implant-based rehabilitation of head neck cancer patients. Materials and methods Fifty-two patients with 309 inserted implants were included in this prospective observational study. Implant survival (in situ and loaded) and implant success (modified Albrektsson criteria) at 2-year follow-up were evaluated under the influence of patient- and implant-specific variables. Results Thirty-nine patients with 234 implants finished the study. Overall implant survival after 2 years was 92.3% (216/234) with an osseointegration rate of 94% (220/234). Implant success was 78.6% (184/234). Main reasons for failure were "bone resorption > 1.7mm" (n = 27, 11.5%) and "implant not in situ or not loaded" (n = 18, 7.7%). Smoking (OR 3.1,p = 0.034), bone grafts (OR 2.4,p = 0.021) and radiation dose > 60 Gy (OR 3.8,p = 0.025) revealed as significant predictors for implant failure. Conclusion Implant survival differs significantly from implant success in head and neck cancer patients. Implant success is mainly determined by radiographic peri-implant bone resorption

    Latvijas ĆȘniversitātes Raksti. Ķīmijas fakultātes serija. 4.sēj., No.6

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    The unprecedented transformation of a terminal two-electron-donor amidinate–germylene ligand into a chelating three-electron-donor Îș<sup>2</sup>-<i>N,Ge</i>-imine–germanate ligand has been achieved by treating the manganese amidinate–germylene complex [MnBr­{Ge­(<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzam)<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu}­(CO)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>1</b>; <sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzam = <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>â€Č-bis­(isopropyl)­benzamidinate) with LiMe or Ag­[BF<sub>4</sub>]. In these reactions, which afford [Mn­{Îș<sup>2</sup><i>Ge,N</i>-GeMe­(<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzam)<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu}­(CO)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>2</b>) and [Mn­{Îș<sup>2</sup><i>Ge,N</i>-GeF­(<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzam)<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu}­(CO)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>3</b>), respectively, the anionic nucleophile, Me<sup>–</sup> or F<sup>–</sup>, ends on the Ge atom while an arm of the amidinate fragment migrates from the Ge atom to the Mn atom. In contrast, the reaction of <b>1</b> with AgOTf (OTf = triflate) leads to [Mn­(OTf)­{Ge­(<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzam)<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu}­(CO)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>4</b>), which maintains intact the amidinate–germylene ligand. Complex <b>4</b> is very moisture-sensitive, leading to [Mn<sub>2</sub>{Ό–Îș<sup>4</sup><i>Ge</i><sub>2</sub><i>,O</i><sub>2</sub>-Ge<sub>2</sub><sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>O}­(CO)<sub>8</sub>] (<b>5</b>) and [<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>bzamH<sub>2</sub>]­OTf (<b>6</b>) in wet solvents. In <b>5</b>, a novel digermanate­(II) ligand, [<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu­(OH)­GeOGe­(OH)<sup><i>t</i></sup>Bu]<sup>2–</sup>, doubly bridges two Mn­(CO)<sub>4</sub> units. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>6</b> have been characterized by spectroscopic (IR, NMR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods
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