Analysis on the Semantics, Syntax, Equivalence, Fluency and Authenticity of Seif Salum’s Poem Entitled “Ewe Bibi Mwenye Enzi” Translated into English as “This Love”

This paper analyses the semantics, syntax, equivalence, fluency and authenticity of the translation of a Swahili poem entitled “Ewe Bibi Mwenye Enzi” by Seif Salum which was translated into English by the poetry translation workshop from the site http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poems/in/swahili/P12 as “This Love”. The introductory part discusses and pays recognition to the concept of untranslatability of the poetry where writers, such as Adam Czerniawski, Hatim Basil and Munday Jeremy, second the idea that poetry is untranslatable since poetry is a reflection of a particular society. Poetry also uses language but language is the reflection of people’s definition of their immediate environment, hence in that sense poetry is untranslatable since different societies have different views of their environments and the world. However, due to the increased curiosity which is partly a result of globalization of the world, people want to have diverse knowledge of everything. This makes it necessary to translate poetry anyway. In this case, poems, such as this one, have also been translated. Therefore, this paper tries to make analysis on how the change of language from Swahili to English have affected the semantics, syntax, equivalence, fluency and authenticity of the style and message of the poem

Users’ perceptions of outpatient quality of care in Kilosa District Hospital in Central Tanzania

Use of users’ perception in measuring quality of care has been shown to be useful in screening problems and in planning for improvement of quality of health care delivery. Traditionally, quality of care has been measured using professional standards, neglecting users’ opinions which may leave psychosocial needs unattended. The objective of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to assess users’ perceptions of quality of care given at outpatient department (OPD) at Kilosa District Hospital in Central Tanzania. Hospital based exit interviews were conducted to adult patients or caregivers of children attending the hospital. Focus Group Discussions were conducted among community members in selected villages within the hospital catchment area. Information on perceptions on care provider-patient interaction, cost of service, availability of medicines, equipment and health personnel was sought from the participants. Overall OPD was perceived to have several shortcomings including verbal abuse of patients by care providers, lack of responsiveness to patients’ needs, delays, inadequate examination, unreliable supply of medicines, lack of confidentiality and favouritism in health care provision. Cost of service was perceived to be reasonable provided medicines were available. In conclusion, provider-patient interactions, timely services, supply of medicines and favouritism were the major factors affecting quality of service at the hospital. Efforts should be made to address the shortcomings so as to improve quality of care and users perceptions.Key words: users’ perceptions, health care, quality, hospital, Tanzani

Influence of Brand Management on Rivalry for Consumers in the Mobile Telecommunication Industry

Business companies in the world today regardless of the industry invest in Brand management in order to win consumer loyalty to their brands. This way the companies become relevant in business by increasing their market share and revenue in form of profits. The purpose of the study was to establish the Influence of Brand Management on Rivalry in the Mobile Telecommunication Industry. The objectives of the study were: - to establish factors that affect consumers purchasing behavior and find out how the consumers benefit from the rivalry. The research designs used was descriptive survey designs. The target population consisted of 289,380 inhabitants of Eldoret municipality. The study sample consisted of 399 inhabitants of Eldoret Municipality who were selected using simple random sampling technique. From the research findings, the study established that there is rivalry between the mobile telecommunication providers on major brands including internet connectivity, mobile money transfer, short message service and voice call services. Consumers benefit as a result of reduced product prices, quality services, and fast internet connections. Several factors that affected purchasing behavior were income and employment levels. The study concluded that employment and income were the main factors that motivate and affect the purchasing behavior of consumers. The study also concluded that consumers benefit from rivalry resulting from good brand management by mobile telecommunication operators. Key words:  purchasing behavior, brand management, rivalry, telecommunication industry, Eldore

Risk factors, management and outcomes of adverse drug reactions in adult patients on antiretrovirals at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Antiretrovirals have been associated with serious adverse drug reactions. Several factors have been suggested as independent risk factors for their development. Identification of these factors may help in prevention and management of the adverse drug reactions.Objective: To describe the factors associated with adverse drug reactions, their management, and the clinical outcomes.Design: A retrospective cohort study.Setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, Comprehensive Care Centre.Subjects: Adult patients receiving antiretrovirals from 2003 to 2006.Main outcome measures: The primary outcomes were the risk-factors, interventions and outcomes of documented adverse drug reaction after exposure to antiretrovirals.Results: Systematic random sampling was used to pick 350 patients’ files. The risk factors for experiencing at least one adverse drug reaction were: having a baseline CD4 count less than 123 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 to 2.79; p=0.006); treatment with antiretrovirals for more than 32 months (OR =1.76, CI: 1.15 to 2.71; p=0.010), using didanosine containing regimens (OR=3.7, CI: 1.40 to 9.70; p=0.008) or being on stavudine containing regimens (OR=4.4, CI: 2.53 to 7.71; p=0.001). The most common intervention was addition of a non-antiretroviral while 41% of events resulted in a change of anti-retroviral therapy. Conclusions: Current standard regimens in resource-limited countries are associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. Almost half of adverse reactions are managed by addition of a non-anti-retroviral drug alone but 41% necessitated a change of anti-retrovirals

Risk factors for placental malaria and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes in Rufiji, Tanzania: a hospital based cross sectional study

Background: Prevention and treatment of malaria during pregnancy is crucial for reduction of malaria in pregnancy and its adverse outcomes. The spread of parasite resistance to Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) used for Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp), particularly in East Africa has raised concerns about the usefulness and the reliability of the IPTp regimen. We aimed to  assess the effectiveness of two doses of SP in treating and preventing occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Methodology: The study was an analytical cross sectional study which enrolled 350 pregnant women from Kibiti Health Centre, South Eastern Tanzania. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain  previous obstetrics and medical history of participants and verified by reviewing antenatal clinic cards. Maternal placental blood samples for microscopic examination of malaria parasites were collected after delivery. Data was analyzed for associations between SP dosage, risk for PM and pregnancy outcome. Sample size was estimated based on precisionResults: Prevalence of placental maternal (PM) was 8% among pregnant women (95%CI, 4.4-13.1%). Factors associated with increased risk of PM were primigravidity (P<0.001) and history of fever during pregnancy (P= 0.02). Use of at least 2 doses of SP for IPTp during pregnancy was insignificantly associated with reducing the risk PM (P=0.08), low birth weight (P=0.73) and maternal anemia (P=0.71) but associated significantly with reducing the risk of preterm birth (P<0.001).Conclusion: Two doses of SP for IPTp regime are ineffective in preventing and treating PM and adverse pregnancy outcome. Hence a review to the current IPTp regimen should be considered with possibility of integrating it with other malaria control strategies.Keywords: Placental malaria, intermittent preventive treatment, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Malaria in pregnanc

Chemical Composition and Bioactive Potential of Extracts from Diospyros capricornuta F. White against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

Diospyros capricornuta is an endemic species widely distributed along the coast of Tanzania that is used as food condiments and traditional medicine. The chemical compositions of Diospyros capricornuta leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark extracts; and their bioactive potentials against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were investigated. The leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark samples of D. capricornuta were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the resultant extracts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 14 compounds were identified from the extracts, whereby 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was the most abundant compound in all extracts. The growth and aflatoxin production inhibitions against A. flavus and A. parasiticus were determined via antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic bioassays of the extracts at the concentrations of 0.0, 62.5, 125.0, and 250.0 µg/mL using a poisoned-food method. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to quantify the aflatoxins after bioassays to evaluate aflatoxin inhibitions. The stem-bark extracts at the highest dose of 250.0 µg/mL inhibited aflatoxin production by A. flavus for over 99% and A. parasiticus for over 94%. Overall, the results show that the leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark extracts of D. capricornuta are potential inhibitors against A. flavus and A. parasiticus-the producers of aflatoxins. Keywords: Diospyros capricornuta; Growth inhibitions; Aflatoxin inhibitions; Aspergillus flavus; and Aspergillus parasiticus

On the effect of separated oxygen and carbon dioxide injections on the stabilisation of diluted oxyfuel flames

International audienceOxyfuel combustion with exhaust gas recycle coupled with CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) is a promising way to meet low CO 2 emission standards in industrial facilities with limited economical impact. In such systems, the flame stability is very sensitive to the dilution by injection of exhaust gases, particularly in configurations where they are not premixed with the oxygen, making the design of the burners more complex but offering a larger operation flexibility and a better control of flame heat transfer. In order to study the strategies of injection of the oxygen and exhaust gases, this paper presents an experimental study of the aerodynamic mechanisms influencing the stabilization of CO 2-diluted oxy-fuel flames, for four different configurations of 23 kW quadri-coaxial burners with separated injections for oxygen and carbon dioxide. The four burners have same axisymmetric geometry consisting in injections of methane in the center surrounded successively by a first oxygen (O 2i) inner annular jet, the CO 2 co-flow and a second oxygen (O 2e) outer annular jet. Dimensions of burners are chosen to keep constant CH 4 and O 2i injections and to be able to change independently CO 2 and O 2e velocities for constant thermal power, total equivalence ratio, oxygen repartition and dilution ratio. The interaction between combustion and the aerodynamic features is investigated by CH* chemiluminescence imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Mean tomographic images of the flame structure are obtained by Abel's inversion of averaged chemiluminescence images. PIV measurements are performed for two fields of view in order to obtain the global aerodynamic features of the turbulent oxyfuel flames and a more precise characterization in the vicinity of the burner exit. For the latter, the spatial resolution of the measurements is optimized by the development of a specific multi-step PIV processing. Low flow-velocity and high flow-velocity configurations are tested at maximum CO 2 dilution allowed by the burners. Different structures of flames are obtained with a long continuous annular shape or with local extinction for some operating conditions. The intensity of the mixing processes and the resulting stability of the flame depend largely on the shear constraints between CO 2 and O 2e jets. A better stabilization is found for low CO 2 velocity, which favors its mixing with outer oxygen annular jet prior to direct dilution of the flame. An increase of O 2e velocity further improves centrifugal entrainment of CO 2 and then reduces the radial stratification around the flame. These results obtained in a reference configuration are useful guides for the design of flexible and efficient oxy-fuel industrial burners for CCS units

Morphological and biochemical variations in Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. from mountains of Pakistan

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (Elaeagnacea) is a native multipurpose plant from Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Its flowers and fruit are rich in vitamins, flavonoides, essential oil, lycopene and other bioactive compounds. Five populations of Elaeagnus umbellata from variable microenvironments of District Poonch were compared in terms of morphology and biochemistry using conventional and biochemical techniques. In spite of significant variability in morphological characteristics and vitamin C, seed oil and leaf chlorophyll content, Elaeagnus umbellata has great potential as a raw material for pharmaceutical industries, soil stabilization, reclamation, and for economic activities to the disadvantageous communities of the mountainous regions of Pakistan

Praziquantel coverage in schools and communities targeted for the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional survey

© 2015 Knopp et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article

Socio-Economic and Health Consequences of Drugs and Substance Use in Gachie: : A Peri-Urban Town on the Outskirts of Nairobi

Drug and substance abuse is a major socioeconomic and health problem to the drug users, family and society and is reported to be on a steady global rise. In Kenya, drug abuse is a major societal problem especially in many cosmopolitan cities such as Nairobi and Mombasa and the surrounding immediate environs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the types of drugs, the socio-economic and health consequences of drug abuse among the inhabitants of Gachie Sub-Location, Kiambu County a town within the Nairobi suburbs. A snowballing sampling method was used to recruit a total of 246 study participants aged between 15-65years recruited into the study after consenting and meeting drug and substance use and dependence clinical evaluation according to UNCOPE criteria. Data on the type of drugs abused, socio-economic and health implications of drug use on both drug abusers and the community was captured using a structured questionnaire and the resulting data analysed using SPSS version 21. Over-the counter prescription drugs including, benzodiazepine, Cozepam (“ma-cc”), rohypnol (“ma-blue”), and benzhexol (“ma-white”) as well as the traditional heroine were the major abused drugs reported in the study. Approximately 85% of the sampled drug abusers were men abusing mainly the licit over- the counter prescription drugs and heroine as a result of their easy affordability and accessibility. Failed marriages, conflictual family and communal relationships, unemployment, life of destitution and poverty were the main socioeconomic consequences of drug abuse reported in the study, corroborating reports of some previous studies. Participants’s self-reported feeling of hyperactiveness and euphoria was the major health consequence repoted. This study thus indicates that drug use is slowly creeping into rural areas in the vicinity of major towns with prescription over the counter drugs taking a centre stage than the traditional hard drugs due to the associated low costs, availability and accessibility and can result in myriad socioeconomic consequences in the society. This data provides an insight of the spread of drugs from the traditional cities to the surrounding town environments as these areas provide a safe haven for drug peddlers and thus should be of great focus by drug law enforcers as they strategize and seek to curb drug abuse problem. Future similar studies involving larger area are recommended to acquire more dynamics of this proble