50 research outputs found

    The antidepressant hyperforin increases the phosphorylation of CREB and the expression of TrkB in a tissue-specific manner.

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    International audienceHyperforin is one of the main bioactive compounds that underlie the antidepressant actions of the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). However, the effects of a chronic hyperforin treatment on brain cells remains to be fully addressed. The following study was undertaken to further advance our understanding of the biological effects of this plant extract on neurons. Special attention was given to its impact on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor TrkB and on adult hippocampal neurogenesis since they appear central to the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. The consequences of a chronic hyperforin treatment were investigated on cortical neurons in culture and on the brain of adult mice treated for 4 wk with a daily injection (i.p.) of hyperforin (4 mg/kg). Its effects on the expression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), phospho-CREB (p-CREB), TrkB and phospho-TrkB (p-TrkB) were analysed by Western blot experiments and its impact on adult hippocampal neurogenesis was also investigated. Hyperforin stimulated the expression of TRPC6 channels and TrkB via SKF-96365-sensitive channels controlling a downstream signalling cascade involving Ca2+, protein kinase A, CREB and p-CREB. In vivo, hyperforin augmented the expression of TrkB in the cortex but not in the hippocampus where hippocampal neurogenesis remained unchanged. In conclusion, this plant extract acts on the cortical BDNF/TrkB pathway leaving adult hippocampal neurogenesis unaffected. This study provides new insights on the neuronal responses controlled by hyperforin. We propose that the cortex is an important brain structure targeted by hyperforin

    Developmental axon degeneration requires trpv1-dependent Ca 2+ influx

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    Development of the nervous system relies on a balance between axon and dendrite growth and subsequent pruning and degeneration. The developmental degeneration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons has been well studied in part because it can be readily modeled by removing the trophic support by nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro. We have recently reported that axonal fragmentation induced by NGF withdrawal is dependent on Ca2+, and here, we address the mechanism of Ca2+ entry required for developmental axon degeneration of mouse embryonic DRG neurons. Our results show that the transient receptor potential vanilloid family member 1 (TRPV1) cation channel plays a critical role mediating Ca2+ influx in DRG axons withdrawn from NGF. We further demonstrate that TRPV1 activation is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that is driven through protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent pathways that become active upon NGF withdrawal. These findings demonstrate novel mechanistic links between NGF deprivation, PKC activation, ROS generation, and TRPV1-dependent Ca2+ influx in sensory axon degeneration.Fil: Johnstone, Aaron D.. University of British Columbia; Canadå. McGill University; CanadåFil: de Léon, Andrés. University of British Columbia; Canadå. McGill University; CanadåFil: Unsain, Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; ArgentinaFil: Gibon, Julien. University of British Columbia; CanadåFil: Barker, Philip A.. University of British Columbia; Canad

    Rational dilation problems associated with constrained algebras

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    It is shown that rational dilation fails on broad collection of distinguished varieties associated to constrained subalgebras of the disk algebra of the form C + B A(D), where B is a finite Blaschke product with two or more zeros. This is accomplished in part by finding a minimal set of test functions. In addition, an Agler-Pick interpolation theorem is given and it is proved that there exist Kaijser-Varopoulos style examples of non-contractive unital representations where the generators are contractions.Comment: Page proof corrections included in this version

    L'usage de l'espace par les exploitations d'élevage de montagne et la gestion de la biodiversité

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    International audienceEn prenant appui sur divers résultats de recherches menées depuis 20 ans dans les Pyrénées centrales, les caractéristiques de l'utilisation de l'espace par les exploitations agricoles sont présentées. Les particularités spatiales des territoires d'exploitation influent sur les pratiques d'utilisation des prairies et sur la dynamique des couverts et des paysages. Un modÚle de référence permet de diagnostiquer la maßtrise de l'exploitation de la végétation. L'impact des modes d'usage des prairies sur leur richesse en espÚces est présenté sur quelques cas concrets. Une gestion mal maßtrisée conduit à une augmentation de la diversité intraparcellaire et à une diminution de la diversité interparcellaire, puis à une baisse rapide de ces 2 diversités. Raisonner l'organisation de l'usage des prairies à des niveaux d'organisation larges est une nécessité pour préserver la biodiversité en région de montagne

    La colonisation des prairies par le frĂȘne. Processus et moyens de contrĂŽle dans les Montagnes de Bigorre

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    focus PSDR3Le projet CHAPAY a contribuĂ© Ă  produire des connaissances, des mĂ©thodes et des outils pour prendre en compte les relations entre le changement des activitĂ©s agricoles et des paysages dans l’action publique et la gouvernance des territoires. Au niveau des vallĂ©es, la connaissance de l’histoire des paysages pastoraux permet d’identifier les terroirs colonisables par le frĂȘne. Dans ces terroirs, le maintien de la fauche empĂȘche le frĂȘne de s’installer. Par contre, pour les prairies pĂąturĂ©es, il existe un seuil d’intensitĂ© de pĂąturage au-dessus duquel le frĂȘne ne s’installe pas et au-dessous duquel il s’installe de maniĂšre irrĂ©versible en dĂ©veloppant une stratĂ©gie de reproduction vĂ©gĂ©tative souterraine

    Modelling and simulating change in reforesting mountain landscapes using a social-ecological framework

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    Natural reforestation of European mountain landscapes raises major environmental and societal issues. With local stakeholders in the Pyrenees National Park area (France), we studied agricultural landscape colonisation by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to enlighten its impacts on biodiversity and other landscape functions of importance for the valley socio-economics. The study comprised an integrated assessment of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) since the 1950s, and a scenario analysis of alternative future policy. We combined knowledge and methods from landscape ecology, land change and agricultural sciences, and a set of coordinated field studies to capture interactions and feedback in the local landscape/land-use system. Our results elicited the hierarchically-nested relationships between social and ecological processes. Agricultural change played a preeminent role in the spatial and temporal patterns of LUCC. Landscape colonisation by ash at the parcel level of organisation was merely controlled by grassland management, and in fact depended on the farmer's land management at the whole-farm level. LUCC patterns at the landscape level depended to a great extent on interactions between farm household behaviours and the spatial arrangement of landholdings within the landscape mosaic. Our results stressed the need to represent the local SES function at a fine scale to adequately capture scenarios of change in landscape functions. These findings orientated our modelling choices in the building an agent-based model for LUCC simulation (SMASH - Spatialized Multi-Agent System of landscape colonization by ASH). We discuss our method and results with reference to topical issues in interdisciplinary research into the sustainability of multifunctional landscapes

    L'usage de l'espace par les exploitations d'élevage de montagne et la gestion de la biodiversité

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    En prenant appui sur divers résultats de recherches menées depuis 20 ans dans les Pyrénées centrales, les caractéristiques de l'utilisation de l'espace par les exploitations agricoles sont présentées. Les particularités spatiales des territoires d'exploitation influent sur les pratiques d'utilisation des prairies et sur la dynamique des couverts et des paysages. Un modÚle de référence permet de diagnostiquer la maßtrise de l'exploitation de la végétation. L'impact des modes d'usage des prairies sur leur richesse en espÚces est présenté sur quelques cas concrets. Une gestion mal maßtrisée conduit à une augmentation de la diversité intraparcellaire et à une diminution de la diversité interparcellaire, puis à une baisse rapide de ces 2 diversités. Raisonner l'organisation de l'usage des prairies à des niveaux d'organisation larges est une nécessité pour préserver la biodiversité en région de montagn

    Agricultural land-use change and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) colonization in Pyrenean landscapes: an interdisciplinary case study

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     ONLINE FIRSTInternational audienceChanges in agricultural land use are responsible for significant modifications in mountain landscapes. This study is part of an interdisciplinary research on the processes and consequences of spontaneous afforestation of Pyrenean landscapes by ash, and the possibilities for its management. We address the relationships between vegetation dynamics and land-use change from the combination of an agricultural study of change in farm management and an ecological study of grassland colonization by ash. In the framework of a village case study, we characterized parcels management and land-use histories, and analyzed the dynamics of the composition of grassland vegetation communities. From a joint analysis of the results obtained in each discipline, we discuss the limitations and comple-mentarities of the two approaches for the interdisciplinary assessment of the afforestation process

    Evaluating the spatial uncertainty of future land abandonment in a mountain valley (Vicdessos, Pyrenees-France) : insights form model parameterization and experiments

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    International audienceEuropean mountains are particularly sensitive to climatic disruptions and land use changes. The latter leads to high rates of natural reforestation over the last 50 years. Faced with the challenge of predicting possible impacts on ecosystem services, LUCC models offer new opportunities for land managers to adapt or mitigate their strategies. Assessing the spatial uncertainty of future LUCC is crucial for the defintion of sustainable land use strategies. However, the sources of uncertainty may differ, including the input parameters, the model itself, and the wide range of possible futures. The aim of this paper is to propose a method to assess the probability of occurrence of future LUCC that combines the inherent uncertainty of model parameterization and the ensemble uncertainty of the future based scenarios. For this purpose, we used the Land Change Modeler tool to simulate future LUCC on a study site located in the Pyrenees Mountains (France) and 2 scenarios illustratins 2 land use strategies. The model was parameterized with the same driving factors used for its calibration. The defintion of static vs. dynamic and quantitative vs. qualitative (discretized) driving factors, and their combination resulted in 4 parameterizations. The combination of model outcomes produced maps of spatial uncertainty of future LUCC. This work involves literature to future-based LUCC studies. It goes beyond the uncertainty of simulation models by integrating the unceertainty of the future to provide maps to help decision makers and land managers

    Etude du rÎle des canaux TRPC6 et de l'antidépresseur hyperforine dans l'homéostasie du zinc dans les neurones corticaux de souris

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    TRPC6 channels are non selective plasma membrane cation channels permeable to calcium and sodium. In addition, in vitro data showed that they can transport manganese, barium or iron. These channels can be activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) or DAG analogues like SAG or OAG. They are also sensitive to hyperforin (a plant extract exhibiting antidepressant properties). ICP-OES experiments, X-ray synchrotron imaging and live-cell FluoZin-3 imaging show that the over expression of TRPC6 in HEK cells increases their zinc and sulfur content. This enrichment is associated with an increased sensitivity of transfected cells to oxidative stress by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species in response to oxidative insults. The entry of zinc permitted by SAG or hyperforin is more pronounced in cells over-expressing TRPC6 when compared to HEK or HEK-TRPC3 cells. TRPC6 channels are expressed in cortical neurons. Electrophysiological recordings and experiments with the fluorescent zinc probe FluoZin-3 demonstrated that TRPC6 channels are permeable to zinc in neurons. The size of the 2-2 'dithiodipyridine (DTDP) sensitive pool of zinc is augmented after the entry of this metal through TRPC6. These channels form a zinc entry pathway in cortical neurons. In some cell types, TRPC6 are involved in the mechanism of calcium entry in response to the depletion of intracellular pools of calcium. This calcium entry occurs via store-operated Ca channels (SOC). In our experiments, we have shown that in cortical neurons, hyperforin-sensitive channels and SOC are distinct since they exhibit distinct pharmacological properties. Hyperforin influences the homeostasis of metals in cortical neurons. We found that acute or chronic applications of this antidepressant decreases the size of the mitochondrial pools of calcium and zinc. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data show that a chronic treatment causes a cellular redistribution of zinc, associated with an increased expression of metallothioneins. Furthermore, brains of mice are enriched in sulfur. It seems that this antidepressant influences the zinc storage capacities of brain cells by altering the cellular expression of thiol-containing molecules. Hyperforin is an extract of the medicinal plant St John Worth. This latter one possesses complex properties, acting notably on the BDNF pathway. A chronic treatment with hyperforin increases the expression of TrkB and P-TrkB in the cortex of mice. In cortical neurons, TrkB, CREB and P-CREB are up regulated by a chronic treatment with hyperforin. This process is sensitive to inhibitors of PKA, TRPC6 channels and to the chelator of calcium BAPTA-AM. On the other hand, a chronic treatment with hyperforin does not influence the BDNF pathway in the hippocampus and also does not modulate the adult neurogenesis. Thus, the brain effects of hyperforin are distinct from those induced by the whole St John Worth extract.Les canaux TRPC6 sont des canaux cationiques non sĂ©lectifs permĂ©ables au calcium et au sodium. In vitro, ils laissent passer du manganĂšse, du baryum ou du fer. Ces canaux peuvent ĂȘtre activĂ©s par des analogues du diacylglycĂ©rol (SAG ou OAG) et par l'hyperforine (un antidĂ©presseur d'origine vĂ©gĂ©tal). Des expĂ©riences de dosages par ICP-OES, d'imagerie synchrotron et d'imagerie de fluorescence du FluoZin-3 ont montrĂ© que les cellules HEK surexprimant TRPC6 sont enrichies en zinc. Ces cellules sont plus sensibles Ă  un stress oxydant et produisent plus d'espĂšces rĂ©actives de l'oxygĂšne que les cellules HEK non transfectĂ©es. Dans les cellules HEK exprimant TRPC6, l'entrĂ©e de zinc en rĂ©ponse au SAG est plus importante que celle observĂ©e dans les cellules HEK ou HEK-TRPC3. Les canaux TRPC6 sont exprimĂ©s dans les neurones corticaux. En rĂ©alisant des expĂ©riences d'imagerie de fluorescence et d'Ă©lectrophysiologie, nous avons observĂ© que l'activation de ces canaux par le SAG ou par l'hyperforine permettait l'entrĂ©e de zinc dans les neurones. La taille du pool de zinc fixĂ© sur des protĂ©ines Ă  groupement thiols est augmentĂ©e aprĂšs un influx de zinc via TRPC6. Ceux-ci forment donc une voie d'entrĂ©e pour ce mĂ©tal dans les neurones corticaux embryonnaires. Dans certains types cellulaires, les canaux TRPC6 participent Ă  l'entrĂ©e calcique dĂ©clenchĂ©e en rĂ©ponse Ă  la dĂ©plĂ©tion du stock calcique du rĂ©ticulum (canaux SOC). Cependant, dans les neurones corticaux, les voies SOC et activĂ©es par l'hyperforine possĂšdent des propriĂ©tĂ©s pharmacologiques distinctes suggĂ©rant que les canaux TRPC6 ne participent pas Ă  la voie SOC. L'homĂ©ostasie des mĂ©taux dans les neurones est perturbĂ©e par l'hyperforine. Cet antidĂ©presseur diminue la taille des pools de calcium et de zinc des mitochondries Ă  la fois lors de traitements aigus et chroniques. Une relocalisation du zinc est observĂ©e dans les neurones traitĂ©s de façon chronique Ă  l'hyperforine ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'expression des mĂ©tallothionĂ©ines Ă  la fois in vitro et in vivo. Chez la souris, la quantitĂ© de soufre du cerveau est augmentĂ©e lors un traitement Ă  l'hyperforine. Celle-ci serait donc un antidĂ©presseur qui module les capacitĂ©s de stockage du zinc en augmentant le nombre de groupements thiols cellulaires. L'hyperforine est prĂ©sente dans les extraits de millepertuis. Ceux-ci ont diverses cibles pharmacologiques, agissant notamment sur la voie de signalisation du BDNF. Nos expĂ©riences montrent que, lors d'un traitement chronique de souris adultes, l'hyperforine augmente l'expression de TrkB et P-TrkB dans le cortex. In vitro, dans les neurones corticaux, TrkB, CREB et P-CREB sont surexprimĂ©s aprĂšs un traitement de trois jours Ă  l'hyperforine. L'inhibition de la PKA ou le blocage des canaux TRPC6 par le SKF-96365 empĂȘche l'effet de l'hyperforine. Par ailleurs, la chĂ©lation du calcium par le BAPTA-AM supprime partiellement l'effet de l'hyperforine. Un traitement chronique avec cet extrait vĂ©gĂ©tal semble agir sur une voie dĂ©pendante de la PKA et du calcium pour rĂ©guler la phosphorylation de CREB et l'expression de TrkB. Nos expĂ©riences montrent que l'effet de l'hyperforine sur les acteurs de la voie du BDNF n'est pas prĂ©sent au niveau de l'hippocampe oĂč l'expression de TrkB n'est pas affectĂ©e. De plus, ces traitements n'influencent pas la neurogenĂšse adulte chez la souris. L'hyperforine seule n'explique donc pas les effets complexes des extraits de millepertuis sur les activitĂ©s neuronales
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