69 research outputs found
Educación asequible, accesible, aceptable y adaptable para los pueblos indígenas en México: Una revisión estadística
El artículo presenta una revisión estadística de la
situación educativa de la población indígena en México.
Debido a ello, se investiga si el subsistema de educación
indígena cumple con los criterios 4-A definidos por el
Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales
de las Naciones Unidas; el cual considera que la educación
para los pueblos indígenas debe ser asequible, accesible,
aceptable y adaptable. (1999, Comentario General núm.
13) El propósito de la revisión es describir el statu quo
y visualizar los quehaceres de las instituciones y de los
actores claves en el ámbito de la educación indígena, así
como de la educación intercultural y bilingüe en México.
La revisión de las estadísticas del caso mexicano
ha demostrado que los criterios 4-A no se cumplen. A
la educación indígena le falta ser más asequible, porque
el subsistema cuenta con mucho menos recursos
por alumno en comparación con el sistema educativo
general y con una infraestructura de un estándar más
bajo. De igual manera, la educación indígena no es lo
suficientemente accesible, ya que existen procesos,
estructuras y mecanismos de discriminación, que resultan
en la exclusión de pueblos originarios de procesos
educativos. Asimismo, la educación indígena tampoco
cuenta con un nivel de aceptabilidad, porque la falta
de contextualización en la enseñanza hace que los
alumnos indígenas perciban sus experiencias escolares
como ajenas de sus realidades. Además, la educación
indígena carece de una adaptabilidad, porque los programas
educativos alternativos existentes no garantizan
una atención a todas las necesidades de los diferentes
grupos sociales indígenas. // The article presents a statistical review of the
educational situation of the indigenous people in Mexico.
For this reason, it is dissected if the subsystem of indigenous
education meets the 4-A criteria. According to
the United Nations’ Committee for Educational, Social
and Cultural Rights, indigenous education should be
available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. (1999,General Comment no. 13) The aim of the review is to
describe the status quo and to visualize duties for institutions
and key actors from the field of indigenous as well
as intercultural and bilingual education in México.
The statistical review of the Mexican case
showed that the criteria of a 4-A education for the
indigenous Mexicans are not fulfilled. Indigenous education
misses to be available due to the fact that the educational
subsystem receives much less financial resources
than the general educational system and counts
with a lower standard of infrastructure. Furthermore,
the indigenous education is no sufficiently accessible
because there exist discriminative processes, structures
and mechanisms that result in indigenous pupils beingexcluded from participating at educational processes.
Also, the indigenous education does not count with
a preferable level of acceptability because the missing
contextualization of the contents and the teaching
makes the indigenous pupils perceive their experiences
in school as far from their realities. Moreover, indigenous
education lacks adaptability because the existing
alternative educational programs do not guarantee
an attendance of all the needs of the different social
groups of the indigenous people
Le Gâvre – Alignement du Pilier
Le site dit alignement du Pilier (également Breuil de la Herse et allée du Pilier) s’étale dans le nord de la forêt domaniale du Gâvre (ancienne tenue 39), sur la commune du même nom. Il est constitué, au dernier décompte, d’une file de 85 blocs de quartz et quartzite orientée nord-ouest – sud-est, sur près d’1 km, de chaque côté de l’allée forestière du Breuil de la Herse jusqu’à toucher l’allée du Pilier, au sud du carrefour du Pilier ; 9 blocs supplémentaires sont détachés de cet alignemen..
Melting Pot 2.0
Multi-agent artificial intelligence research promises a path to develop
intelligent technologies that are more human-like and more human-compatible
than those produced by "solipsistic" approaches, which do not consider
interactions between agents. Melting Pot is a research tool developed to
facilitate work on multi-agent artificial intelligence, and provides an
evaluation protocol that measures generalization to novel social partners in a
set of canonical test scenarios. Each scenario pairs a physical environment (a
"substrate") with a reference set of co-players (a "background population"), to
create a social situation with substantial interdependence between the
individuals involved. For instance, some scenarios were inspired by
institutional-economics-based accounts of natural resource management and
public-good-provision dilemmas. Others were inspired by considerations from
evolutionary biology, game theory, and artificial life. Melting Pot aims to
cover a maximally diverse set of interdependencies and incentives. It includes
the commonly-studied extreme cases of perfectly-competitive (zero-sum)
motivations and perfectly-cooperative (shared-reward) motivations, but does not
stop with them. As in real-life, a clear majority of scenarios in Melting Pot
have mixed incentives. They are neither purely competitive nor purely
cooperative and thus demand successful agents be able to navigate the resulting
ambiguity. Here we describe Melting Pot 2.0, which revises and expands on
Melting Pot. We also introduce support for scenarios with asymmetric roles, and
explain how to integrate them into the evaluation protocol. This report also
contains: (1) details of all substrates and scenarios; (2) a complete
description of all baseline algorithms and results. Our intention is for it to
serve as a reference for researchers using Melting Pot 2.0.Comment: 59 pages, 54 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:2107.0685
Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy links pathological myelin outfoldings to axonal changes in mice lacking Plp1 or Mag
Healthy myelin sheaths consist of multiple compacted membrane layers closely encasing the underlying axon. The ultrastructure of CNS myelin requires specialized structural myelin proteins, including the transmembrane-tetraspan proteolipid protein (PLP) and the Ig-CAM myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). To better understand their functional relevance, we asked to what extent the axon/myelin-units display similar morphological changes if PLP or MAG are lacking. We thus used focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to re-investigate axon/myelin-units side-by-side in Plp- and Mag-null mutant mice. By three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometric analyses, pathological myelin outfoldings extend up to 10 μm longitudinally along myelinated axons in both models. More than half of all assessed outfoldings emerge from internodal myelin. Unexpectedly, three-dimensional reconstructions demonstrated that both models displayed complex axonal pathology underneath the myelin outfoldings, including axonal sprouting. Axonal anastomosing was additionally observed in Plp-null mutant mice. Importantly, normal-appearing axon/myelin-units displayed significantly increased axonal diameters in both models according to quantitative assessment of electron micrographs. These results imply that healthy CNS myelin sheaths facilitate normal axonal diameters and shape, a function that is impaired when structural myelin proteins PLP or MAG are lacking
Hidden variables in a Dynamic Bayesian Network identify ecosystem level change
EU; The Academy of Finland; Projektträger Jülich (PtJ); Germany; The State Education Development Agency of Latvia; The National Centre for Research and Development, Poland; The Swedish Research Council Formas; BalticEye Stockholm University; foundation BalticSea202
Prevalence, incidence and concomitant co-morbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Western Germany - a retrospective cohort and case control study in claims data of a large statutory health insurance
Multi-omics Reveals the Lifestyle of the Acidophilic, Mineral-Oxidizing Model Species Leptospirillum ferriphilumT.
Leptospirillum ferriphilum plays a major role in acidic, metal-rich environments, where it represents one of the most prevalent iron oxidizers. These milieus include acid rock and mine drainage as well as biomining operations. Despite its perceived importance, no complete genome sequence of the type strain of this model species is available, limiting the possibilities to investigate the strategies and adaptations that Leptospirillum ferriphilum DSM 14647T (here referred to as Leptospirillum ferriphilum T) applies to survive and compete in its niche. This study presents a complete, circular genome of Leptospirillum ferriphilum T obtained by PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing for use as a high-quality reference. Analysis of the functionally annotated genome, mRNA transcripts, and protein concentrations revealed a previously undiscovered nitrogenase cluster for atmospheric nitrogen fixation and elucidated metabolic systems taking part in energy conservation, carbon fixation, pH homeostasis, heavy metal tolerance, the oxidative stress response, chemotaxis and motility, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. Additionally, mRNA transcript counts and protein concentrations were compared between cells grown in continuous culture using ferrous iron as the substrate and those grown in bioleaching cultures containing chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Adaptations of Leptospirillum ferriphilum T to growth on chalcopyrite included the possibly enhanced production of reducing power, reduced carbon dioxide fixation, as well as elevated levels of RNA transcripts and proteins involved in heavy metal resistance, with special emphasis on copper efflux systems. Finally, the expression and translation of genes responsible for chemotaxis and motility were enhanced.IMPORTANCE Leptospirillum ferriphilum is one of the most important iron oxidizers in the context of acidic and metal-rich environments during moderately thermophilic biomining. A high-quality circular genome of Leptospirillum ferriphilum T coupled with functional omics data provides new insights into its metabolic properties, such as the novel identification of genes for atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and represents an essential step for further accurate proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of this acidophile model species in the future. Additionally, light is shed on adaptation strategies of Leptospirillum ferriphilum T for growth on the copper mineral chalcopyrite. These data can be applied to deepen our understanding and optimization of bioleaching and biooxidation, techniques that present sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to many traditional methods for metal extraction
The drivers of biogeochemistry in beach ecosystems: A cross-shore transect from the dunes to the low water line
This study addresses key processes in high-energy beach systems using an interdisciplinary approach. We assess spatial variations in subsurface pore water residence times, salinity, organic matter (OM) availability, and redox conditions and their effects on nutrient cycles as well as on microbial community patterns and microphytobenthos growth. At the study site on Spiekeroog Island, southern North Sea, beach hydrology is characterized by the classical zonation with an upper saline plume (USP), a saltwater wedge, and a freshwater discharge tube in between. Sediment and pore water samples were taken along a cross-shore transect from the dunes to the low water line reaching sediment depths down to 5 m below sediment surface. Spatial variations in pore water residence time, salinity, and organic matter availability lead to steep redox and nutrient gradients. Vertical and horizontal differences in the microbial community indicate the influence of these gradients and salinity on the community structure. Modeled seawater flux through the USP and freshwater flux through the tube are on average 2.8 and 0.75 m3 per day and meter of shoreline, respectively. Furthermore, ridge sediments at the lower beach discharge seawater at rates of 0.5 and 1.0 m3 per day and meter of shoreline towards the runnel and seaside, respectively. Applying seawater and freshwater fluxes and representative nutrient concentrations for the discharge zones, nutrient fluxes to adjacent nearshore waters are 117 mmol NH4+, 55 mmol PO43 − and 575 mmol Si(OH)4 per day and meter of shoreline. We propose that this nutrient efflux triggers growth of microphytobenthos on sediment surfaces of the discharge zone. A first comparison of nutrient discharge rates of the beach site with a nearby sandy backbarrier tidal flat margin indicates that the beach system might be of less importance in supplying recycled nutrients to nearshore waters than the backbarrier tidal flat area
Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective
The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a "PEEX region". It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land-atmosphere-ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate-Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially "the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change" and the "socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues".Peer reviewe
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