STRATEGIES DE GESTION DU RISQUE FINANCIER PAR LES COOPERATIVES PRODUCTRICES DE CACAO ET DE CAFE

The objective of this article is to appreciate the strategies used by cooperatives to manage financial risk. We carried out an exploratory study combining observations, interviews and a survey with a questionnaire on the ordinal scale. Frequency and main component analyzes have highlighted four strategies grouping together specific practices: agroforestry, diversification, insurance and financing. The managerial implications go in the direction of strengthening the detected financial risk management practices and creating financial market conditions. The study determines neither the conditions for maximizing income nor those for minimizing financial risk

DES PRENEURS DE PRIX AUX FAISEURS DE PRIX: LA SITUATION DES PRODUCTEURS DE PRODUITS SUR LES MARCHÉS INTERNATIONAUX: LE CAS DU CACAO ET DU CAFÉ

L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser le statut du producteur sur le marché international et de proposer une alternative. Nous utilisons un modèle d'équilibre (Cox, 1976) en association avec un modèle explicatif (Servigny & Zelenko, 1999). Après la formation et la résolution de deux équations, le résultat montre cette variable comme l'information, la prime de risque et la quantité de produits sur le marché via la gestion des stocks (spéculation) qui peut donner au producteur le pouvoir de devenir le faiseur de prix. Ce statut conduit à une juste rémunération du travail, à une diminution de la détérioration des termes de l'échange ainsi qu'à une augmentation des revenus et du chiffre d'affaires. Mais pour inverser la tendance, des conditions générales dans les pays producteurs et une sorte de cartellisation sont nécessaires (OPECC). Cette analyse est similaire à celle d'autres études qui montrent que la spéculation, la légende de la prime de risque et la cartellisation sont des facteurs qui sont utilisés pour se couvrir sur le marché et faire les prix des produits

Sensitivity and specificity of detection methods for erythropoietin doping in cyclists

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is used as doping a substance. Anti-doping efforts include urine and blood testing and monitoring the athlete biological passport (ABP). As data on the performance of these methods are incomplete, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of two common urine assays and the ABP. In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 48 trained cyclists received a mean dose of 6000 IU rHuEPO (epoetin beta) or placebo by weekly injection for eight weeks. Seven timed urine and blood samples were collected per subject. Urine samples were analyzed by sarcosyl-PAGE and isoelectric focusing methods in the accredited DoCoLab in Ghent. A selection of samples, including any with false presumptive findings, underwent a second sarcosyl-PAGE confirmation analysis. Hematological parameters were used to construct a module similar to the ABP and analyzed by two evaluators from an Athlete Passport Management Unit. Sensitivity of the sarcosyl-PAGE and isoelectric focusing assays for the detection of erythropoietin abuse were 63.8% and 58.6%, respectively, with a false presumptive finding rate of 4.3% and 6%. None of the false presumptive findings tested positive in the confirmation analysis. Sensitivity was highest between 2 and 6 days after dosing, and dropped rapidly outside this window. Sensitivity of the ABP was 91.3%. Specificity of the urine assays was high; however, the detection window of rHuEPO was narrow, leading to questionable sensitivity. The ABP, integrating longitudinal data, is more sensitive, but there are still subjects that evade detection. Combining these methods might improve performance, but will not resolve all observed shortcomings

Problématique D’Evacuation Des Déchets Ménagers Dans La Cite De Bumba: « Cas Du Quartier Nzongo : Du 1er Janvier Au 30 Avril 2019 »

face aux impacts négatifs des déchets ménagers sur la qualité de l’environnement et sur la santé publique ; la gestion durable des déchets ménagers est devenue un sujet d’actualité et nombreuses études y menées mettent en évidence divers risques environnementaux et sanitaires pour les populations le quartier Nzongo, notre milieu d’étude dans la cité de Bumba abandonne ses déchets ménagers sur des terrains vagues et dans des trous se trouvant dans les habitations. L’insalubrité constatée dans ce quartier avec des conséquences négatives sur la santé de la population a attiré notre attention afin de traiter de la problématique d’évacuation des déchets ménagers dans la cité de Bumba ; cas du quartier Nzongo

Les Albinos Face Au Développement Economique Du Territoire De Bumba « Cas De La Cité De Bumba »

l’albinisme est une affection autosomique récessive due à l’absence de mélanine dans  la peau, les  cheveux et les jeux. Les gens qui souffrent   de cette affection sont des albinos, souvent victimes des sacrifices humains d’assassinat voire d’enlèvement pour des fins magiques.  Etant marginalisés, leurs capacités restent inexploitées dans le menu du développement leur identification intégration  et leur promotion éducative seraient  des pistes de sortie du comportement  discriminatoire  leur affiché  afin d’atteindre  les  objectifs  du  millénaire  pour le développement  qui stipule « amélioration  de la santé  sous toutes ces formes  et  réduire par  conséquent ; l’extrême pauvreté »

Metabolomics-guided insights on bariatric surgery versus behavioral interventions for weight loss.

Despite evidence to support their utility, lifestyle-based strategies for weight loss and treatment of obesity (i.e., based on diet and physical activity) have met so far with little success in the long term in terms of permanent weight loss (1). Bariatric surgery is the only current treatment for obesity leading to sustained weight loss (2) and to improvements in glucose regulation, up to a complet

Tumor taxonomy for the developmental lineage classification of neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The new "Developmental lineage classification of neoplasms" was described in a prior publication. The classification is simple (the entire hierarchy is described with just 39 classifiers), comprehensive (providing a place for every tumor of man), and consistent with recent attempts to characterize tumors by cytogenetic and molecular features. A taxonomy is a list of the instances that populate a classification. The taxonomy of neoplasia attempts to list every known term for every known tumor of man. METHODS: The taxonomy provides each concept with a unique code and groups synonymous terms under the same concept. A Perl script validated successive drafts of the taxonomy ensuring that: 1) each term occurs only once in the taxonomy; 2) each term occurs in only one tumor class; 3) each concept code occurs in one and only one hierarchical position in the classification; and 4) the file containing the classification and taxonomy is a well-formed XML (eXtensible Markup Language) document. RESULTS: The taxonomy currently contains 122,632 different terms encompassing 5,376 neoplasm concepts. Each concept has, on average, 23 synonyms. The taxonomy populates "The developmental lineage classification of neoplasms," and is available as an XML file, currently 9+ Megabytes in length. A representation of the classification/taxonomy listing each term followed by its code, followed by its full ancestry, is available as a flat-file, 19+ Megabytes in length. The taxonomy is the largest nomenclature of neoplasms, with more than twice the number of neoplasm names found in other medical nomenclatures, including the 2004 version of the Unified Medical Language System, the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terminology, the National Cancer Institute's Thesaurus, and the International Classification of Diseases Oncolology version. CONCLUSIONS: This manuscript describes a comprehensive taxonomy of neoplasia that collects synonymous terms under a unique code number and assigns each tumor to a single class within the tumor hierarchy. The entire classification and taxonomy are available as open access files (in XML and flat-file formats) with this article

Spirituality, Gender, and druG uSe amonG StudentS From one uniVerSity in BarBadoS

aBStraCt: The research aimed to clarify the relationships between spirituality, gender, and drug use among undergraduate students of one university in Barbados. A quota sample of 250 students was required from the Faculty of Social Sciences as the study was part of a larger multi-centric study involving students from the Faculty of Social Sciences from seven other participating countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Significant negative relationships were found between a student's level of spirituality and their licit and illicit drug use over the past 12 and three months. Males and females also differed significantly in terms of illicit drug use (past 12 and three months). However no gender differences were found as it related to licit drug use. Moreover, females possessed significantly higher levels of spirituality than their male counterparts. Further qualitative research should be conducted among this age group within the Barbadian context to better explain these findings. deSCriptorS: eSpiritualidad, el Sexo y el ConSumo de droGaS entre loS eStudianteS de una uniVerSidad en BarBadoS reSumen: La investigación tuvo como objetivo aclarar la relación entre la espiritualidad , el sexo y el consumo de drogas entre los estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad en Barbados . Una muestra por cuotas de 250 estudiantes fue requerido por la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales como el estudio fue parte de un estudio multicéntrico grande que participen estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de otros siete países participantes de América Latina y el Caribe . Relaciones negativas significativas fueron encontradas entre el nivel de un estudiante de la espiritualidad y de su uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas en los últimos 12 y tres meses . Hombres y mujeres también difieren significativamente en términos de consumo de drogas ilícitas (últimos 12 y tres meses) . Sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias de género en su relación con el uso de drogas lícitas . Por otra parte , las mujeres poseían niveles significativamente más altos de espiritualidad que sus homólogos masculinos . Además la investigación cualitativa debe llevarse a cabo dentro de este grupo de edad en el contexto de Barbados para explicar mejor estos hallazgos . deSCriptoreS: Familia. Espiritualidad. Drogas ilicitas. Estudiantes

Spirituality, Gender, and druG uSe amonG StudentS From one uniVerSity in BarBadoS

aBStraCt: The research aimed to clarify the relationships between spirituality, gender, and drug use among undergraduate students of one university in Barbados. A quota sample of 250 students was required from the Faculty of Social Sciences as the study was part of a larger multi-centric study involving students from the Faculty of Social Sciences from seven other participating countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Significant negative relationships were found between a student's level of spirituality and their licit and illicit drug use over the past 12 and three months. Males and females also differed significantly in terms of illicit drug use (past 12 and three months). However no gender differences were found as it related to licit drug use. Moreover, females possessed significantly higher levels of spirituality than their male counterparts. Further qualitative research should be conducted among this age group within the Barbadian context to better explain these findings. deSCriptorS: eSpiritualidad, el Sexo y el ConSumo de droGaS entre loS eStudianteS de una uniVerSidad en BarBadoS reSumen: La investigación tuvo como objetivo aclarar la relación entre la espiritualidad , el sexo y el consumo de drogas entre los estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad en Barbados . Una muestra por cuotas de 250 estudiantes fue requerido por la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales como el estudio fue parte de un estudio multicéntrico grande que participen estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de otros siete países participantes de América Latina y el Caribe . Relaciones negativas significativas fueron encontradas entre el nivel de un estudiante de la espiritualidad y de su uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas en los últimos 12 y tres meses . Hombres y mujeres también difieren significativamente en términos de consumo de drogas ilícitas (últimos 12 y tres meses) . Sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias de género en su relación con el uso de drogas lícitas . Por otra parte , las mujeres poseían niveles significativamente más altos de espiritualidad que sus homólogos masculinos . Además la investigación cualitativa debe llevarse a cabo dentro de este grupo de edad en el contexto de Barbados para explicar mejor estos hallazgos . deSCriptoreS: Familia. Espiritualidad. Drogas ilicitas. Estudiantes