Addition of Tannin in Lamb Diets after Weaning: Impact on Performance and Hematological and Biochemical Variables

Background: In ruminants, the weaning period is a critical phase, because these young animals are allocated to various facilities and receive different feeds. Alternatively, supplements and additives can be used. The tannins are polyphenols produced by plants; constitute a group of complex secondary metabolic factors that inhibit the consumption by herbivores or the development of microbial agents. The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees (Schinopsis lorentzii) in lamb diets after weaning would have beneficial effects on growth and health.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty lambs were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (10 lambs/treatment): T1 (0%; control), T2, T3, and T4 was 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 % of quebracho extract in the diet, respectively. The T2 (0.3%) lambs had greater body condition scores (P = 0.005), and although they did not differ significantly, they had numerically greater body weight (P = 0.067) and weight gain (P = 0.072), than the control lambs. The anthelmintic and anticoccidial effect was not possible to verify because no animals in any group were naturally infected by helminths or coccidia. The T4 lambs had greater numbers of erythrocytes (days 10 and 40) [P < 0.05], greater hemoglobin concentrations (days 10 and 40), and greater numbers of total leukocytes (day 10) as a result of greater numbers of neutrophil at the end of the adaptation period (day 10) compared to T1. The T3 and T4 lambs had greater (P < 0.05) serum total protein (days 10 and 40) because of greater concentration of serum globulins (days 10 and 40) compared to T1, suggesting that the addition of tannin stimulated the immune system. The addition of quebracho in the diet affected serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol at some times and treatments (P < 0.05). However, these changes did not follow a pattern; this finding only suggested that there was an influence on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The T2 lambs showed no differences on hemogram or serum clinic biochemistries (P > 0.05); however, they had a greater body condition scores than T1 (P < 0.05).Discussion: According to literature, if condensed tannins are supplied in moderate quantities (≤ 5% of diet) to ruminants, they can prevent bloating, increase the supply of undegraded protein in the rumen and improve the use of essential amino acids. It is also known that tannins in diet may increase urea recycling efficiency by increasing the concentration of urea in saliva and salivary flow into the rumen. Studies observed that cattle and sheep given feed containing condensed tannins had higher production of wool, meat, milk, and ovulation rates in females, desirable effects on animal production. According to the literature, dietary supplementation with tannins from chestnut and quebracho (2 g/kg of feed) to Holstein cattle changed the composition of the ruminal microbiota, particularly the bacteria that degrade fiber and starch, reducing the abundance of Prevotella and Fibrobacter, favoring Ruminococcaceae and other members of the phylum Firmicutes, increasing the pH and decreasing urease activity in ruminal fluid. Therefore, when tannins are supplemented at low concentrations, they can stimulate the intake and utilization of essential amino acids in the small intestine, increasing performance and exerting an anthelmintic effect. Our study found that the addition of 0.3% of quebracho in the diet improved lamb growth and health after weaning. It is therefore an additive that can be used to feed lambs in critical post weaning period

Aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne ovina são modificados com uso de aspersão de água

The objective of this research was to investigate the qualitative aspects of sheep meat, after the submission or not of 20 carcasses to water spray. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with two treatments with ten carcasses each and ten replicates. The carcasses were submitted and not submitted to water sprinkling for 10 consecutive hours in a cold chamber. Instrumental meat quality analyzes were performed on the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles, and occurred in two distinct periods, initially within the 24-hour post-mortem period and after 7 months of non-industrial freezing. The pH, meat and subcutaneous fat staining, cooking loss, water retention capacity, water activity, sarcomere length, shear force and body measurements of the carcass were analyzed. In addition to these, subjective color and marbling measurements and microbiological analysis (Escherichia coli) were included. After the analysis, it was observed that sputum carcasses, LTL muscle modified chroma within 24 hours post mortem and tonality after freezing (7 months). In addition, there was an increase in the microbiological count (5.9 x 10¹ and 4.3 x 10² UFC / cm²) and in the refrigerator yield (48.77, 46.28 kg). However, there was greater loss in cooling (4.87, 3.27%). And in for unprosted carcasses, there was a greater decline in pH 2 hours post mortem (pH 6.9) and lower final pH after 24 hours (pH 5.6). However, after freezing there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments. For the other analyzes, no significant difference was found. The use or not of spraying for 10 consecutive hours in ovine carcasses, promotes unwanted changes in the qualitative aspects of the carcass and meat. In this sense, we do not recommend prolonged use (10 hours) of spraying on ovine carcassesO objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os aspectos qualitativos da carne ovina, após a submissão ou não de 20 carcaças à aspersão de água. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em bloco ao acaso, com dois tratamentos com dez carcaças cada e dez repetições. As carcaças foram submetidas e não submetidas à aspersão de água por 10 horas consecutivas em câmara fria. As análises de qualidade instrumental da carne foram determinadas nos músculos Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), e ocorreram em dois períodos distintos, inicialmente dentro do período de 24 horas post mortem e após 7 meses de congelamento não industrial. Foram analisados pH, coloração de carne e gordura subcutânea, perda por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, atividade de água, comprimento de sarcômero, força de cisalhamento e medidas corporais da carcaça. Além destas, foram incluídas a mensurações subjetivas de cor e marmoreio e a análise microbiológica (Escherichia coli). Após as análises, foi observado que nas carcaças aspergidas, o músculo LTL modificou o croma dentro de 24 horas post mortem e a tonalidade após o congelamento (7 meses). Além destes, houve aumento na contagem microbiológica (5,9 x 10¹ e 4,3 x 10² UFC/cm²) e no rendimento frigorífico (48,77; 46,28 kg). Contudo, houve maior perda no resfriamento (4,87; 3,27%). Para carcaças não aspergidas, houve maior declínio de pH 2 horas post mortem (pH 6,9) e menor pH final após 24 horas (pH 5,6). Entretanto, após o congelamento não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Para as outras análises não foi constatada diferença significativa. O uso ou não de aspersão por 10 horas consecutivas em carcaças ovinas, promove alterações indesejadas nos aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne. Neste sentido, não recomendamos o uso prolongado (10 horas) de aspersão em carcaças ovina

Composição bromatológica de silagens de milho produzidas com diferentes densidades de compactação

O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento completamente casualizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da densidade de compactação, 500 kg (médio) e 600 kg (alto) de matéria verde por metro cúbico de massa ensilada, na qualidade final da silagem em relação ao material original. A ensilagem de milho safrinha foi realizada no dia 18/05/2004 em minissilos, com quatro repetições por grau de compactação, quando os grãos de milho se encontravam no estádio ½ leitoso ½ farináceo. As densidades de compactação afetaram significativamente os teores de açúcares solúveis (1,60 × 2,15% da MS), matéria orgânica do resíduo insolúvel em etanol a 80% (76,02 × 71,53% da MS), carboidratos não-estruturais (39,21 × 41,70% dos carboidratos totais), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (52,57 × 50,37% da MS), lignina em detergente ácido (2,74 × 2,57% da MS) e nitrogênio amoniacal (4,35 × 3,84% do nitrogênio total). A maior densidade de compactação resultou em melhor conservação dos glicídios solúveis, em menor alteração dos carboidratos estruturais e em menor proteólise na silagem de milho

Biochemical characterization meat quality of kind goat created of region Alto Camaquã.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of age at slaughter on chemical composition, cholesterol and fatty acid profile of meat goats from region Alto Camaquã . A total of 30 goats, 15 were aged 8-9 months and 15 with 11-12 months of age. Of each goat were evaluated Longissimus dorsi (LD), Triceps brachii (TB), Infraspinatus (IS) and Biceps femoris (BF) to determine the proximate composition (moisture, protein, ash and lipids), cholesterol and fatty acids profile acids. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial 2 x 3 (ages two and three regions). There was significant interaction between age and the region of slaughter (muscle) studied. Goats slaughtered younger have higher concentrations of moisture and mineral matter on the back, shoulder and leg (P <0.05) compared to older animals. Since fat content were higher in goats slaughtered older (P <0.05). For cholesterol, only the leg of goats slaughtered younger levels were lower than other regions (P <0.05). There was no difference in the total cholesterol to goats slaughtered older (P> 0.05) in different regions of the carcass. Goats slaughtered older (11-12 months) had higher levels of C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 and C18:0 (P <0.05) in muscle (LD). As for the muscles (TB) and (IS) there was no difference in C15:0 and C16:0. The same was observed for the muscle (BF) (P> 0.05). For the fatty acid C18:1 trans-9 and C18:1 trans-11, the goats slaughtered older had higher concentrations (P <0.05) in LD and BF muscles. While the muscles TB and IS only statistical difference (P <0.05) for C18: 1 trans-9, higher in older animals slaughtered. Regarding the content of polyunsaturated acids C18:2, C18:3, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5, C22:5 and C22:6 were higher in young kids (P <0.05) in the muscle LD. While TB and IS the C20:4 and C20:5 were higher in older kids. BF in the C18: 2 cis9, trans-11 (CLA) was higher in older kids (P 0.05). With the progress of the slaughter of goats rises the amount of protein and fat, but cholesterol does not change. The regions of the substrate showed different chemical composition. There is direct relationship between age at slaughter increased with fat saturation and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid. The goat meat is a source of fat omega 3 and 6, showing a relationship beneficial to health.O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da idade de abate sobre a composição química, colesterol e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cabritos criados na região do Alto Camaquã. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 15 com idade de 8 9 meses e 15 com 11 12 meses de idade. De cada cabrito foram avaliados os músculos Longissimus dorsi (LD), Triceps brachii (TB), Infraspinatus (IS) e Biceps femoris (BF) para determinação da composição centesimal (umidade, proteína, matéria mineral e lipídios), colesterol e perfil de ácidos graxos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (duas idades e três regiões). Houve interação significativa entre a idade de abate e a região (músculo) estudada. Cabritos abatidos mais jovens apresentam maior concentração de umidade e matéria mineral no lombo, paleta e perna (P<0,05) em relação aos animais mais velhos. Já os teores de gordura foram superiores nos cabritos abatidos mais velhos (P<0,05). Para o colesterol, somente na perna de cabritos abatidos mais jovens os teores foram inferiores as demais regiões (P<0,05). Não houve diferença em relação ao colesterol total para cabritos abatidos mais velhos (P>0,05) nas diferentes regiões da carcaça. Cabritos abatidos mais velhos (11 12 meses) apresentam maiores teores de C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 e C18:0 (P<0,05) no músculo (LD). Enquanto, para os músculos (TB) e (IS) não houve diferença para C15:0 e C16:0. O mesmo foi observado para o musculo (BF) (P>0,05). Para os ácidos graxos C18:1 trans-9 e C18:1 trans-11, os cabritos abatidos mais velhos apresentaram maiores concentrações (P<0,05) nos músculos LD e BF. Enquanto nos músculos TB e IS somente houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para C18:1 trans-9, superior nos animais abatidos mais velhos. Em relação aos ácidos poliinsaturados os teores de C18:2, C18:3, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5, C22:5 e C22:6 foram superiores nos cabritos mais jovens (P<0,05) no músculo LD. Enquanto para TB e IS o C20:4 e C20:5 foram superiores nos cabritos mais velhos. No BF o C18:2 cis9, trans11 (CLA) foi superior nos cabritos mais velhos (P<0,05), nos demais músculos este ácido graxo não diferiu (P>0,05). Com o avanço da idade de abate dos cabritos eleva-se o teor de proteína e de gordura, porém o colesterol não se modifica. As regiões da carcaça apresentaram distinta composição química. Há relação direta entre a idade de abate com o aumento na saturação da gordura e concentração do ácido linoleico conjugado. A carne de cabrito é fonte de gordura ômega 3 e 6, apresentando uma relação benéfica a saúde