Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

[EN] The effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.This work was supported by the Vicerrectorat d'Investigacio, Innovacio i Transferencia - Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Project Name: Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603). URLs of funder:http://www.upv.es/entidades/VIIT/info/indexnormalc.htm. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Monge-Ortiz, R.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Marquez, L.; Moyano-Lopez, FJ.; Jover Cerdá, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2016). Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Archives of Animal Nutrition. 70(2):155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2016.1141743S15517270

Inclusion of alternative marine by-products in aquafeeds with different levels of plant-based sources for on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.): effects on digestibility, amino acid retention, ammonia excretion and enzyme activity

[EN] The search for new sustainable aquafeeds for the species with greater economic importance, such as the gilthead sea bream in Europe, is one of the main challenges in the aquaculture sector. The present work tested fishmeal replacement by a mixture of plant meals at different levels, as well as the use of marine by-products with attractant properties and high-quality protein in high plant protein diets. In order to do that, effects on growth and biometric parameters, digestibility, amino acid retention, excreted ammonia and proteases and amylase activity were assessed, using six different diets: FM100 (100% of protein provided by fishmeal), FM50 (50% of replacement), FM25 (75% of replacement) and FM0 (100% of replacement), but also FM25+ (75% of replacement and 15% of squid and krill meal inclusion), and FM0+ (100% of replacement and 15% of squid and krill meal inclusion). In group FM0, a clear impact of dietary changes was observed on growth, survival and ammonia excretion. Amino acid retention in group FM0+ was also significantly affected, which can be explained by the limited content of certain amino acids in this diet. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in most biometric parameters or in enzyme activity. In conclusion, complete fishmeal replacement can be achieved by using a mixture of plant-based sources, but supplementation with complementary marine ingredients can prevent detrimental effects on growth, survival, nutritional parameters and protein metabolism.This work was supported by the Vicerrectorat d'Investigacio, Innovacio i Transferencia of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, within the project Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603). URLs of funder: http://www.upv.es/entidades/VIIT/info/indexnormalc.htm. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Estruch-Cucarella, G.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; El Nokrashy, AM.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Godoy-Olmos, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2018). Inclusion of alternative marine by-products in aquafeeds with different levels of plant-based sources for on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.): effects on digestibility, amino acid retention, ammonia excretion and enzyme activity. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 72(4):321-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2018.1472408S32132972

Long -term feeding with high plant protein based diets in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) leads to changes in the inflammatory and immune related gene expression at intestinal level

[EN] Background: In order to ensure sustainability of aquaculture production of carnivourous fish species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.), the impact of the inclusion of alternative protein sources to fishmeal, including plants, has been assessed. With the aim of evaluating long-term effects of vegetable diets on growth and intestinal status of the on-growing gilthead seabream (initial weight = 129 g), three experimental diets were tested: a strict plant protein-based diet (VM), a fishmeal based diet (FM) and a plant protein-based diet with 15% of marine ingredients (squid and krill meal) alternative to fishmeal (VM+). Intestines were sampled after 154 days. Besides studying growth parameters and survival, the gene expression related to inflammatory response, immune system, epithelia integrity and digestive process was analysed in the foregut and hindgut sections, as well as different histological parameters in the foregut. Results: There were no differences in growth performance (p = 0.2703) and feed utilization (p = 0.1536), although a greater fish mortality was recorded in the VM group (p = 0.0141). In addition, this group reported a lower expression in genes related to pro-inflammatory response, as Interleukine-1 beta (il1 beta, p = 0.0415), Interleukine-6 (il6, p = 0.0347) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox2, p = 0.0014), immune-related genes as immunoglobulin M (igm, p = 0.0002) or bacterial defence genes as alkaline phosphatase (alp, p = 0.0069). In contrast, the VM+ group yielded similar survival rate to FM (p = 0.0141) and the gene expression patterns indicated a greater induction of the inflammatory and immune markers (il1 beta, cox2 and igm). However, major histological changes in gut were not detected. Conclusions: Using plants as the unique source of protein on a long term basis, replacing fishmeal in aqua feeds for gilthead seabream, may have been the reason of a decrease in the level of different pro-inflammatory mediators (il1 beta, il6 and cox2) and immune-related molecules (igm and alp), which reflects a possible lack of local immune response at the intestinal mucosa, explaining the higher mortality observed. Krill and squid meal inclusion in vegetable diets, even at low concentrations, provided an improvement in nutrition and survival parameters compared to strictly plant protein based diets as VM, maybe explained by the maintenance of an effective immune response throughout the assay.The research has been partially funded by Vicerrectorat d'Investigacio, Innovacio i Transferencia of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, which belongs to the project Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Estruch-Cucarella, G.; Collado, MC.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerdá, M.; Peñaranda, D.; Perez Martinez, G.... (2018). Long -term feeding with high plant protein based diets in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) leads to changes in the inflammatory and immune related gene expression at intestinal level. BMC Veterinary Research. 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1626-6S14Hardy RW. Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquac Res. 2010;41:770–6.Martínez-Llorens S, Moñino AV, Vidal AT, Salvador VJM, Pla Torres M, Jover Cerdá M, et al. Soybean meal as a protein source in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) diets: effects on growth and nutrient utilization. Aquac Res. 2007;38(1):82–90.Tacon AGJ, Metian M. 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Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in the diet of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

[EN] A 57-day feeding trial was designed to assess the potential of corn gluten meal (CGM) as a plant protein source in practical feeds for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five experimental diets providing 350gkg(-1) protein and 110gkg(-1) lipid were prepared, where 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of fishmeal (FM) protein was substituted by protein from CGM. The results showed that partial or complete replacement of FM with CGM did not affect survival. The growth of the shrimp declined as the levels of CGM increased, diets containing CGM showing a significantly lower final weight (3.2-5.9g) and specific growth rates (1.7-2.7% per day) compared to those fed on the diet with 0 CGM (7.1g and 3.0% per day). Feed conversion ratio was also significantly affected by CGM level. The inclusion of CGM resulted in a statistical decrease in the apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter from 77.9% to 66.0% and in AD of protein from 80.5% to 52.0%, of feed. The AD of amino acids, with the exception of lysine, declined with the dietary incorporation of CGM. In summary, reduced palatability, low protein digestibility and a deficiency of lysine and methionine seem to be the major reasons behind a depressed growth in shrimp fed on CGM protein-based diets.This work was partially funded by a grant from the International foundation for Science (A/330). The authors would like to extend their thanks to staff at CENAIM for their support during this study. The English version of the manuscript was revised by Anna Sinclair.Molina Poveda, C.; Lucas, M.; Jover Cerdá, M. (2015). Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in the diet of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition. 21(6):824-834. https://doi.org/10.111/anu.12209S82483421

Crecimiento de Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) con piensos extrusionados de diferente nivel proteico

Se estudió el aprovechamiento nutritivo y crecimiento de tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus) de pesos iniciales 6,6 g (Experimento 1) y 12,2 g (Experimento 2) alimentadas con piensos extrusionados que contenían tres niveles de proteína - 29, 34 y 39 p.100 - y tres niveles de carbohidratos - 48, 43 y 36 p.100 - respectivamente. No aparecieron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento, índices de conversión y P.E.R. de las tilapias del Experimento 1, mientras que en el Experimento 2, el mayor peso medio final se obtuvo con un nivel proteico de 39 p.100. En cuanto a la composición corporal, se observó un incremento del contenido en lípidos y una reducción de la proteína corporal a medida que se redujo el nivel proteico del pienso y aumentó el nivel de carbohidratos. El sexo de las tilapias tuvo un efecto significativo en el crecimiento, pues los machos crecieron más que las hembras

Crecimiento de Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) con piensos extrusionados de diferente nivel proteico

Se estudió el aprovechamiento nutritivo y crecimiento de tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus) de pesos iniciales 6,6 g (Experimento 1) y 12,2 g (Experimento 2) alimentadas con piensos extrusionados que contenían tres niveles de proteína - 29, 34 y 39 p.100 - y tres niveles de carbohidratos - 48, 43 y 36 p.100 - respectivamente. No aparecieron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento, índices de conversión y P.E.R. de las tilapias del Experimento 1, mientras que en el Experimento 2, el mayor peso medio final se obtuvo con un nivel proteico de 39 p.100. En cuanto a la composición corporal, se observó un incremento del contenido en lípidos y una reducción de la proteína corporal a medida que se redujo el nivel proteico del pienso y aumentó el nivel de carbohidratos. El sexo de las tilapias tuvo un efecto significativo en el crecimiento, pues los machos crecieron más que las hembras

Cambios en el perfil de ácidos grasos en diferentes órganos y tejidos de la seriola mediterránea (Seriola dumerili) alimentada con piensos con bajo nivel de aceite de pescado

This study was undertaken to evaluate the tissue-specific robustness of fatty acid (FA) signatures of Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili) fed diets with different levels of vegetable oil in replacement of fish oil, analyzing the changes in lipid content and FA composition of brain, liver, digestive tract and visceral fat

Significant differences between diets at genus level, independent of the gut section.

<p>Mean proportions, 95% confidence intervals and p-values are represented for each taxon for the two groups of fish. T-tests were used when comparing the relative abundances of individual taxa between AA0 and FM100.</p

Percentages of Chloroplast, Algae, Mitochondria and Bacterial Sequences in all the pools of different sections and tanks.

<p>ST: Stomach, FG: Foregut, MG: Midgut, HG: Hindgut</p