Constitutional Rights in Juvenile Court

On June 20, 1966, the United States Supreme Court noted that it had probable jurisdiction in the case of In Re Gault. Ten months and three weeks later, the Supreme Court reached a landmark decision on judicial handling of juvenile delinquency matters. On May 15, 1967, the court handed down a ruling that many of the constitutional procedural protections previously observed only in adult trials are also applicable to children in juvenile court proceedings. This decision portends a major change in the manner in which most of the nation\u27s three thousand juvenile courts have been functioning. The significance of this Supreme Court decision can be appreciated only when one has an adequate understanding of the law prior to May 15, 1967. It is the purpose of this article to provide that understanding

An Exploration of Monophonic Instrument Classification Using Multi-Threaded Artificial Neural Networks

The use of computers for automated music analysis could benefit several aspects of academia and industry, from psychological and music research, to intelligent music selection and music copyright investigation. In the following thesis, one of the first steps of automated musical analysis, i.e., monophonic instrument recognition, was explored. A multi-threaded artificial neural network was implemented and used as the classifier in order to utilize multi-core technology and allow for faster training. The parallelized batch-mode backpropagation algorithm used provided linear speedup, an improvement to the current literature. For the classification experiments, eleven different sets of instruments were used, starting with perceptively dissimilar instruments (i.e., bass vs. trumpet), moving towards more similar sounding instruments (i.e., violin vs. viola; oboe vs. bassoon; xylophone vs. vibraphone, etc.,). From the 70 original musical features extracted from each audio sample, a sequential forward selection algorithm was employed to select only the most salient features that best differentiate the instruments in question. Using twenty runs for each set of instruments (i.e., 10 sets of a 50/50 cross-validation training paradigm), the test results were promising, with classification rates ranging from a mean of 76% to 96%, with many individual runs reaching a perfect 100% score. The conclusion of this thesis confirms the use of multi-threaded artificial neural networks as a viable classifier in single instrument recognition of perceptively similar sounding instruments

Prevalence of colonization and antimicrobial resistance among coagulase positive staphylococci in dogs, and the relatedness of canine and human Staphylococcus aureus

Coagulase positive staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, are important causes of infection in human beings and dogs respectively. The rapid increase in the incidence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in people and its emergence in dogs has raised the profile of this organism in the veterinary community. Similarly, human S. pseudintermedius infections have also been recognized as the awareness of bidirectional human-dog transmission increases. Antimicrobial resistance has been complicating the treatment of S. aureus infections since the first penicillin resistance was observed in the 1940s. Methicillin resistance (resistance to the majority of â-lactams), is particularly troublesome as the â-lactams are a safe and effective class of antimicrobials for treating susceptible staphylococcal infections in both human beings and dogs. Additionally, resistance to other antimicrobial classes such as the macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol, further complicates the treatment of staphylococcal infections. Particularly in small animal private practice, infections are often treated empirically, requiring knowledge of locally prevalent susceptibility patterns. The emergence of resistance to commonly used drugs necessitates surveillance to monitor the dissemination of resistance, and to guide antimicrobial therapy. In the last decade there have been many studies attempting to address gaps in our knowledge of the ecology of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius in dogs. In particular, the prevalence of colonization with methicillin resistant staphylococci has been documented in different dog populations. However, failing to sample all relevant sites of colonization, may have decreased the sensitivity of these studies. The sites where coagulase positive staphylococci colonize dogs have not been systematically evaluated. The clinical and infection control implications of S. aureus infections, or colonization in the case of MRSA, requires timely laboratory identification. The tube coagulase test is arguably the most important tool used for identifying of staphylococcal species. Studies dating from the 1970s and 1980s suggested that the use of rabbit plasma, which is the current standard, may not be the ideal media for all situations and that different plasmas may need to be considered in different diagnostic situations. In this thesis, the ecology of coagulase positive staphylococci in dogs was studied from start to finish including sample collection, bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular epidemiological investigations. This thesis will serve as a template to be used for follow up studies or by investigators setting up a surveillance program in their region. We found that multiple sites of colonization (nares, pharynx and rectum), are involved in both S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius carriage in dogs. Single site colonized dogs were identified, suggesting that maximal screening sensitivity requires sampling multiple body sites. When canine and rabbit plasma were compared, the time until clot formation was found to be significantly shorter with canine plasma. Although, the availability of canine plasma may limit its use in the diagnostic laboratory, investigators should be aware that rabbit plasma may not be ideal for all applications of the tube coagulase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of canine S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius and human S. aureus isolates was done. Consistent with previous reports from Saskatoon, the S. pseudintermedius isolates were found to be overwhelmingly susceptible: pan-susceptibility was the most common phenotype identified. Antimicrobial resistance was more common among S. aureus than S. pseudintermedius including resistance to drugs which all S. pseudintermedius were susceptible to. No resistance to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin or quinupristin/dalfopristin was found. All isolates remained susceptible to at least one of tetracycline, clindamycin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which are often used for treating infections caused by multidrug resistant staphylococci. Finally, DNA fingerprinting revealed that the canine and human S. aureus isolates tested did not belong to mutually exclusive populations. Using AFLP, IS-typing and spa typing, many human and canine isolates were indistinguishable suggesting a common population, supporting the hypothesis that interspecies transmission occurs. The complex and under-characterized ecology of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius requires more study so that risk factors for infection can be defined and effective infection control measures implemented. Because multiple species are involved, collaboration between veterinarians and human health professionals is imperative, and will no doubt yield the most success in our efforts to understand these potential pathogens

Cultivating Your Academic Online Presence

In lieu of an abstract, the first paragraph is included here: "You have an online presence whether you acknowledge it or not. It might align positively with who you are in your professional life but, unless you have been attending to it, chances are it will disappoint you. Googling your name and institution will instantly reveal what you look like to colleagues and the public online. Try searching your primary research area - do you or your work show up? While cultivating your online scholarly identity will take some time and attention, ignoring it could be damaging if you appear nonexistent or dramatically out of date in your field. There are a few easy things you can do to take control of your online identity with the goal of making sure you show up where it matters, and that the information is curated and relevant to your professional identity.

Scaled Limit and Rate of Convergence for the Largest Eigenvalue from the Generalized Cauchy Random Matrix Ensemble

In this paper, we are interested in the asymptotic properties for the largest eigenvalue of the Hermitian random matrix ensemble, called the Generalized Cauchy ensemble GCyE, whose eigenvalues PDF is given by $$\textrm{const}\cdot\prod_{1\leq j−1/2 and where N is the size of the matrix ensemble. Using results by Borodin and Olshanski (Commun. Math. Phys., 223(1):87-123, 2001), we first prove that for this ensemble, the law of the largest eigenvalue divided by N converges to some probability distribution for all s such that ℜ(s)>−1/2. Using results by Forrester and Witte (Nagoya Math. J., 174:29-114, 2002) on the distribution of the largest eigenvalue for fixed N, we also express the limiting probability distribution in terms of some non-linear second order differential equation. Eventually, we show that the convergence of the probability distribution function of the re-scaled largest eigenvalue to the limiting one is at least of order (1/N

STEM Outreach Activity with Fitbit Wearable Devices

This document provides a toolkit for an STEM outreach activity based on Fitbit wearable fitness devices. The activity is targeted toward high-school students. This document provides guidance preparing for and executing the activity and measuring outcomes. This document contains templates that can be used as is or altered to suit your specific needs

Dissecting the Gaseous Halos of z~2 Damped Lyα\alpha Systems with Close Quasar Pairs

We use spectroscopy of close pairs of quasars to study diffuse gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) surrounding a sample of 40 Damped Lya systems (DLAs). The primary sightline in each quasar pair probes an intervening DLA in the redshift range 1.6 < z_DLA < 3.6, such that the second quasar sightline then probes Lya, CII, SiII, and CIV absorption in the CGM transverse to the DLA to projected distances $R_{\perp} < 300$ kpc. Analysis of the Lya profiles in these CGM sightlines constrains the covering fraction (f_C) of optically thick HI (having column density N_HI > 10^17.2 cm^-2) to be greater than ~30% within $R_{\perp} < 200$ kpc of DLAs. Strong SiII 1526 absorption with equivalent width W_1526 > 0.2 Ang occurs with an incidence f_C (W_1526 > 0.2 Ang) = 20(+12/-8)% within $R_{\perp}<100$ kpc, indicating that low-ionization metal absorption associated with DLAs probes material at a physical distance R_3D < 30 kpc. However, we find that strong CIV 1548 absorption is ubiquitous in these environments (f_C (W_1548 > 0.2 Ang) = 57(+12/-13)% within $R_{\perp} < 100$ kpc), and in addition exhibits a high degree of kinematic coherence on scales up to ~175 kpc. We infer that this high-ionization material arises predominantly in large, quiescent structures extending beyond the scale of the DLA host dark matter halos rather than in ongoing galactic winds. The Lya equivalent width in the DLA-CGM is anticorrelated with $R_{\perp}$ at >98% confidence, suggesting that DLAs arise close to the centers of their host halos rather than on their outskirts. Finally, the average Lya, CII and CIV equivalent widths are consistent with those measured around z~2 Lyman Break Galaxies. Assuming that DLAs trace a galaxy population with lower masses and luminosities, this finding implies that the absorption strength of cool circumgalactic material has a weak dependence on dark matter halo mass for M_h < 10^12 M_sun.Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 30 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, 1 appendix. Uses emulateapj forma

Efecto del extracto Etanolico de Propoleo Peruano sobre el Streptococcus Mutans Atcc 35668 In Vitro UCSM Arequipa 2009

Con el objeto de determinar la acción antibacteriana del extracto etanólico del propóleo peruano (EEPP) producido en la ciudad de Arequipa; mediante el método de difusión en placa se usó las cepas Streptococcus Mutans ATCC 35668, para enfrentarlo a la solución Madre con una concentración de “50gr/100ml” relación p/v del EEPP. Se determino la C.M.I. y la C.MB. encontrándose resultados positivos en diluciones de 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% y 100% comparándola con el testigo Clorhexidina al 0,05% Se determinó que la acción antibacteriana del EEPP contra S. Mutans muestra una tendencia de actividad inversamente proporcional a su concentración, tal acción antibacteriana en las diluciones de 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% y 100% es significativa; Se concluye que EEPP en solución madre al 100% tiene una mejor acción antibacteriana contra S. mutans y presento un promedio de halo inhibitorio de 16.13mm frente al S. Mutans, demostrando una sensibilidad intermedia.Tesi