Post-transfusion red cell alloimmunisation in patients with acute disorders and medical emergencies

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

International tax planning considerations for South African emigrants

The purpose of this paper is to outline the international income tax implications facing a South African emigrant. The discussion that follows is based on an individual or family emigrating from South Africa to Australia. The reason why I have chosen Australia is because I have a detailed knowledge of the domestic tax laws in Australia. The thought process that I have followed applies equally to most other western countries. The reason for this is because Australia's income tax system is based on residence principles which are similar to most other western countries. On the other hand, South Africa's tax laws are based primarily on source principles, a feature which is applicable mainly to tax havens (but for the high rate in South Africa). I will commence firstly by giving a brief overview of the income tax system in Australia. I will then proceed to discuss the income tax consequences of a flow of dividends and interest out of South Africa, and into Australia. I will then attempt to raise alternative structures which will provide a more effective after-tax return to the individual or family who settles in Australia

Anterior Knee Pain and Sensitivity Deficits after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: BTB vs 4 ST/G vs All-Inside

Objetivo Estudar a dor e as alterações sensitivas de 75 (três coortes de 25 pacientes) atletas submetidos a diferentes técnicas de cirurgia artroscópica de reconstrução do LCA. As coortes foram divididas em coorte de autoenxerto osso-tendão-osso, coorte de enxerto autólogo quádruplo de semitendinoso e grácil e coorte de enxerto autólogo quádruplo de semitendinoso com a técnica All-inside. Métodos Fizemos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de dor e alterações sensitivas. Todos os pacientes seguiram um protocolo de reabilitação semelhante, sendo 2 anos o tempo mínimo de follow-up. A dor foi caracterizada pela duração e localização anatómica e os deficits sensoriais foram avaliados quanto à duração e área afetada. Os pacientes também pontuaram em 3 testes subjetivos diferentes: KWT; LKSS e IKDC-SKF e foram divididos de acordo com seus TALS. Resultados A duração média do AKP entre as 3 coortes foi de 1,8 ± 4,5 meses e foi significativamente menor na coorte 4ST/G. A maioria dos pacientes da coorte BTB localizou a dor no tendão patelar, enquanto os pacientes das coortes 4ST / G e All-Inside referiram que era difusa. Aos 15 dias pós-cirurgia, a hipoestesia foi relatada por 42 pacientes e foi significativamente maior na coorte BTB e menor na coorte All-Inside. Passados 2 anos, a coorte All-Inside não tinha pacientes com hipoestesia. Na coorte BTB, as alterações sensitivas localizaram-se apenas na área inervada pelo IPBSN. A coorte 4ST/G localizou a hipoestesia na área inervada pelo IPBSN e na área do LSCN. O grupo All-Inside localizou as alterações sensitivas principalmente no LSCN. O KWT foi doloroso nos pacientes dos grupos BTB e 4ST/G e foi reportado 0% para a coorte All-Inside. Não foi encontrada relevância estatística para os testes IKDC-SKF e LKSS. Conclusões Todas as coortes referiram dor e alterações sensitivas. A reconstrução do LCA com enxerto autólogo de BTB parece condicionar um maior número de dor anterior do joelho e hipoestesia em resultados pós-operatórios médios e o KWT esteve presente com maior frequência. O grupo 4ST/G teve a menor duração de AKP. A coorte All-Inside apresentou, globalmente, um menor número de queixas e um menor tempo de persistência dos sintomas, nomeadamente ao nível de deficits sensoriais no pós-operatório.Purpose To study pain and sensory alterations of 75 (three cohorts of 25 patients) athletic patients that underwent different anatomic arthroscopic ACLr surgery techniques. The cohorts were divided in the bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft cohort, the quadruple strand semitendinosus and gracilis autograft cohort and the quadruple strand semitendinosus autograft all-inside cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pain and sensory alterations. All these patients followed a similar rehabilitation protocol, being 2 years the minimal follow-up time. Pain was characterized by duration and anatomical location and sensory deficits were evaluated concerning duration and affected area. Patients also scored on 3 different subjective tests: KWT; LKSS and IKDC-SKF and were divided according to its TALS. Results The mean AKP duration amongst the 3 cohorts was 1.8 ± 4.5 months and was significantly smaller in the 4ST/G cohort. The majority of patients of the BTB cohort located pain on the patellar tendon while patients in the 4ST/G and All-Inside cohorts referred that it was diffuse. At 15 days' post-surgery, hypoesthesia was reported by 42 patients and was significantly higher on the BTB cohort and less in the All-Inside cohort. At 2-year followup, the All-Inside cohort had no patients with hypoesthesia. In the BTB cohort, the sensitive alterations were only located on the area innervated by the IPBSN. The 4ST/G cohort located the hypoesthesia in the area innervated by the IPBSN and in the area of the LSCN. The All-Inside group located the sensitive alterations mostly in the LSCN. The KWT was painful in BTB and 4ST/G patients and reported 0% for the All-Inside cohort. No statistic relevance was found for the IKDC-SKF and LKSS tests. Conclusions All cohorts referred pain and sensitive alterations. The arthroscopic ACLr using BTB autograft seems to condition a higher number of anterior knee pain and hypoesthesia on medium post-operative outcomes and KWT was more often reported. The 4ST/G group had the smallest duration of AKP. The All-Inside cohort showed, globally, a lower number of complaints and a shorter time of symptom persistence, namely in terms of sensory deficit in the postoperative period

TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND CONTAMINATION BY COFFEE PROCESSING A BIOECONOMIC MODEL AT THE WATERSHED LEVEL IN HONDURAS

In Honduras, traditional coffee processing is the cause of two major problems: poor coffee quality and contaminated water. In this paper we present a method that determines the trade-off between economic efficiency and contamination in a Honduran sub-watershed. The method is a bioeconomic model based on mathematical programming that stimulates the functioning of the interlinked economic and ecological processes in the sub-watershed. We compare various scenarii where the model is given the possibility of replacing traditional coffee processing plants with a network of improved ecological plants. For different levels of contamination the model determines the optimal location and size of new coffee processing plants along river streams by minimizing transport, variable and fixed costs. The restrictions of the system are the volume of wet coffee to be processed, the available stream water, and in the alternative scenarii, investment capital and contaminant concentration in the river. We apply the method to a typical sub-watershed in the hillsides of western Honduras and show that coffee quality can be improved and contamination can be reduced substantially at a relatively low cost.coffee, environment, water quality, mathematical programming, transport cost, spatial analysis, watershed, Honduras., Environmental Economics and Policy,

Atrofia da medula espinhal na ataxia espinocerebelar do tipo 1

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Setor de Neurologia Geral e Ataxias Departamento de Neurologia e NeurocirurgiaUNIFESP, Setor de Neurologia Geral e Ataxias Depto. de Neurologia e NeurocirurgiaSciEL

Proceso de producción de encurtido mixto en la Fábrica de Alimentos “La Matagalpa”, año 2012

El presente trabajo expone el estudio realizado en la Fábrica de alimentos “La Matagalpa” sobre el proceso de producción y especialmente enfocado en la elaboración de encurtido mixto con el propósito de analizar las etapas para su elaboración con el fin de determinar las principales debilidades existentes y poder brindar recomendaciones a la empresa. Este análisis se ha centrado en estudiar a fondo el proceso de elaboración que se realiza dentro de las instalaciones para este producto, teniendo como fundamento las normas aplicables de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) para elaborar un producto final con calidad y que satisfaga las necesidades del cliente. Actualmente la empresa cuenta con procesos manuales para la elaboración de encurtido, aunque a pesar de ello se logra cumplir con la demanda regular a excepción de ciertas temporadas del año, además de contar con instalaciones que podrían mejorarse para una mejor condición laboral e higiene durante el trabajo, sin embargo existe procesos tecnológicos que permiten desarrollar este producto de manera higiénica cumpliendo con las normas exigidas. A pesar de contar con un sistema de gestión de calidad para inspeccionar las distintas etapas del proceso existen ciertas deficiencias que de una u otra manera podrían afectar el proceso en conjunto, por ello se recomienda tomar en cuenta los aspectos mencionados en la guía de recomendaciones las cuales están basadas en los puntos considerados como debilidades dentro de la empresa y que pueden ser modificados para una mejor producció

Notas sobre propiedades espectrales de un operador, su heredabilidad y aplicaciones

In this paper we describe the behavior of Weyl type theorems or Weyl type properties, for an operator $T$ on a proper closed and $T$-invariant subspace $W\subseteq X$ such that $T^n(X)\subseteq W$, for some $n\geq 1$, where $T\in L(X)$ and $X$ is an infinite-dimensional complex Banach space. Our main purpose is to show that for these subspaces (which generalize the case $T^n(X)$ closed, for some $n\geq 0$) a large number of Weyl type theorems are transmitted from $T$ to its restriction on $W$ and vice-versa. As application of our results, we obtain conditions for which Weyl type theorems are equivalent for two given operators. Also, we give conditions under which an operator acting on a subspace can be extended on the entire space preserving the Weyl type properties.Este art\'{\i}culo versa sobre el comportamiento de los Teoremas, o propiedades, de tipo Weyl para un operador $T$ sobre un subespacio propio cerrado y $T$-invariante $W\subseteq X$ tal que $T^n(X)\subseteq W$, para alg\'{u}n $n\geq 1$, donde $T\in L(X)$ y $X$ es un espacio de Banach complejo e infinito dimensional. Nuestro principal prop\'{o}sito es exhibir que para tales subespacios (los cuales generalizan el caso $T^n(X)$ cerrado, para alg\'{u}n $n\geq 0$), una gran cantidad de Teoremas tipo Weyl se transmiten de $T$ a su restricci\'{o}n sobre $W$ y viceversa. Como aplicaci\'{o}n de nuestros resultados, obtenemos condiciones para que los Teoremas de tipo Weyl sean equivalentes para dos operadores dados. As\'{\i} como tambi\'{e}n, condiciones bajo las cuales un operador que act\'{u}a sobre un subespacio de un espacio dado, pueda extenderse a todo el espacio preserv\'{a}ndose las propiedades tipo Weyl

Perception of solar UV radiation by plants : photoreceptors and mechanisms

About 95% of the ultraviolet (UV) photons reaching the Earth's surface are UV-A (315-400 nm) photons. Plant responses to UV-A radiation have been less frequently studied than those to UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation. Most previous studies on UV-A radiation have used an unrealistic balance between UV-A, UV-B, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Consequently, results from these studies are difficult to interpret from an ecological perspective, leaving an important gap in our understanding of the perception of solar UV radiation by plants. Previously, it was assumed UV-A/blue photoreceptors, cryptochromes and phototropins mediated photomorphogenic responses to UV-A radiation and "UV-B photoreceptor" UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) to UV-B radiation. However, our understanding of how UV-A radiation is perceived by plants has recently improved. Experiments using a realistic balance between UV-B, UV-A, and PAR have demonstrated that UVR8 can play a major role in the perception of both UV-B and short-wavelength UV-A (UV-A(sw), 315 to similar to 350 nm) radiation. These experiments also showed that UVR8 and cryptochromes jointly regulate gene expression through interactions that alter the relative sensitivity to UV-B, UV-A, and blue wavelengths. Negative feedback loops on the action of these photoreceptors can arise from gene expression, signaling crosstalk, and absorption of UV photons by phenolic metabolites. These interactions explain why exposure to blue light modulates photomorphogenic responses to UV-B and UV-A(sw) radiation. Future studies will need to distinguish between short and long wavelengths of UV-A radiation and to consider UVR8's role as a UV-B/UV-A(sw) photoreceptor in sunlight.Peer reviewe

The Dilemma of the Open Gingival Embrasure Between Maxillary Central Incisors

Aim: The aim of this report is to present the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning strategy in the presence of an open gingival embrasure between the maxillary central incisors. Background: The open gingival embrasure or “black triangle” is a visible triangular space in the cervical region of the maxillary incisors. It appears when the gingival papilla does not completely fill in the interdental space. The space may occur due to: (1) disease or surgery with periodontal attachment loss resulting in gingival recession; (2) severely malaligned maxillary incisors; (3) divergent roots; or (4) triangular-shaped crowns associated with or without periodontal problems and alveolar bone resorptions. Report: The post-treatment prevalence in adult orthodontic patients is estimated to be around 40% compromising the esthetic result. Conclusion: Several methods of managing patients with open gingival embrasure exist, but the interdisciplinary aspects of treatment must be emphasized to achieve the best possible result. The orthodontist can play a significant role in helping to manage these cases