El SIDA como enfermedad social : análisis de su presencia e investigación

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] objeto de analizar aquellos elementos psicosociales que definen la difusión del VIH/SIDA, la Unidad de Investigación coordinada por el Profesor José R. Bueno Abad de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Valencia ha puesto en marcha una investigación que tiene como objetivo fundamental la detección y análisis de las representaciones sociales del VIH. A continuación se exponen algunos de los aspectos básicos de la enfermedad, su curso y tratamiento, revelados en las fases iniciales de recogida de datos de nuestra investigación a partir de numerosas investigaciones realizadas hasta la actualidad, el rastreo de más de cuatrocientas referencias bibliográficas y medio centenar de direcciones en la red. En este trabajo recogemos las características más sobresalientes de los estudios consultados respecto al origen, curso, pronóstico y terapia de la enfermedad, desde el punto de vista de la investigación social. Nuestra investigación mantiene la urgente necesidad de explorar las imágenes sociales del VIH/SIDA, a fin de determinar aquellas representaciones y valores sociales que permitan un adecuado afrontamiento de esta epidemia.With the object to analyze the psychosocial elements that define the spreading of the VIH/AIDS, the Unit of Investigation coordinated by José R. Bueno Abad, professor of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Valencia has investigated on these aspects, with the fundamental purpose of the detection, and analysis of the VIH social representations. Next, it exposed some of the basic aspects of the illness, their course and processing, revealed in the initial phases of dates collected in our investigation, from different investigations. This data come of more than four hundred bibliographical references the different investigations carried out at the present time, besides more fifty websites collecting in this article. The most important of the consulted studies is that these, have contemplated in the therapy of the AIDS the point of view of the social research regarding their origin and prognosis of this illness. Our investigation maintains the urgent need to explore the social images of the VIH/AIDS, in order to determine, those social representations and social value that permit an adequate management of this epidemic

Genetic polymorphisms of RANTES, IL1-A, MCP-1 and TNF-A genes in patients with prostate cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inflammation has been implicated as an etiological factor in several human cancers, including prostate cancer. Allelic variants of the genes involved in inflammatory pathways are logical candidates as genetic determinants of prostate cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes that lead to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are associated with an increased prostate cancer risk.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A case-control study design was used to test the association between prostate cancer risk and the polymorphisms <it>TNF-A</it>-308 A/G (rs 1800629), <it>RANTES</it>-403 G/A (rs 2107538), <it>IL1-A</it>-889 C/T (rs 1800587) and <it>MCP-1 </it>2518 G/A (rs 1024611) in 296 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and in 311 healthy controls from the same area.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Diagnosis of prostate cancer was significantly associated with <it>TNF-A </it>GA + AA genotype (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.09–2.64) and <it>RANTES </it>GA + AA genotype (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09–2.38). A alleles in <it>TNF-A </it>and <it>RANTES </it>influenced prostate cancer susceptibility and acted independently of each other in these subjects. No epistatic effect was found for the combination of different polymorphisms studied. Finally, no overall association was found between prostate cancer risk and <it>IL1-A </it>or <it>MCP-1 </it>polymorphisms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results and previously published findings on genes associated with innate immunity support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in proinflammatory genes may be important in prostate cancer development.</p

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

A polymorphism in the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with tuberculosis

iNOS or NOS2 is a molecule that plays a key role in the immunological control of a broad spectrum of infectious agents. Investigation is hampered by difficulty in estimating in vivo production of nitric oxide (NO), but genetic studies provide a potential means of examining the relation between NO production and disease outcome. To better characterize the host genetic factors determining the susceptibility to TB, we evaluated the influence of two polymorphisms in the NOS2A gene on the risk of developing pulmonary TB in a Northwestern Colombian population, which is a moderately-high endemic area. One hundred and fourteen patients with TB and negative for human immunodeficiency virus, plus 304 healthy controls were examined for NOS2A CCTTT and TAAA polymorphisms. A total of 160 healthy controls mentioned before, underwent tuberculin skin test (TST). Analysis disclosed significant differences between patients and controls with NOS2A CCTTT polymorphism (P=0.0001, Pc=0.001, OR=0.4, and 95%CI=0.3-0.7) independent of TST status. When the NOS2A alleles were stratified into short (8-11) and long (12-16) repeats, significant differences with short repeats were observed between TB patients and all controls (P=0.005, OR=0.63, 95%CI=0.46-0.86). No individual association with NOS2A TAAA was detected. These results indicate that a polymorphism in the NOS2A gene influences the susceptibility to TB and suggest a role for NOS2A in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Metamorfosis educativa de la actividad física para personas con síndrome de Down.

People with Down syndrome are prone to develop chronic noncommunicable diseases due to high degrees of sedentary lifestyle. The Colombian educational system after 14 years ignores them. In the municipality of Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia, they are excluded from physical education classes. The Foundation for Down Syndrome (FUNDISDOWN) is responsible for carrying out daily activities that have a low component of physical activity. The objective of this study is to develop an educational system of water and land physical activity that transforms the physical condition of these young people. The methods modeling, system approach, triangulation of information and content analysis in conjunction with the Eurofit Battery, allowed to analyze the current state of physical condition and develop the system. Descriptive inferential statistics was used with the SPSS 24.0 software for the analysis of the results. The intentional sample was of 30 young people with Down syndrome of both sexes. The diagnosis of the current situation of the physical condition has deficient values. The educational system of physical activity is created as an alternative solution to the deficiencies found. Contributions are made from the educational theory of physical activity to work with these young people, the current state of physical condition is defined and an educational system is strengthened as a result of the diagnosis that is validated from its feasibility, applicability and practical potential where after from a three-month application some physical and educational indicators will be improved (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]El sistema educativo colombiano después de los 14 años de edad se desentiende de las personas con Síndrome de Down, las cuales son propensas a desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles por los altos grados de sedentarismos. Un ejemplo es el municipio de Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia, donde son excluidos de las clases de educación física. La Fundación para el Síndrome de Down (FUNDISDOWN), ubicada en dicho municipio, encargada de realizar actividades diarias, tiene un bajo componente de actividad física. Este estudio tiene como objetivo elaborar un sistema educativo de actividad física agua y tierra que transforme la condición física de estos jóvenes. Los métodos modelación, enfoque de sistema, triangulación de información y el análisis de contenido de la Batería Eurofit adaptada y aplicada en conjunto con estudiantes universitarios del programa de Ciencias del Deporte, permitieron analizar el estado actual de la condición física y elaborar el sistema. La muestra intencional fue de 21 jóvenes con síndrome de Down de ambos sexos. El diagnóstico de la situación actual de la condición física tiene valores deficientes. El sistema educativo de actividad física se crea como alternativa de solución a las deficiencias encontradas. Se hacen aportes desde la teoría educativa de la actividad física para el trabajo con estos jóvenes, se define el estado actual de la condición física y se potencia un sistema educativo como resultado del diagnóstico que se valida desde su factibilidad, aplicabilidad y potencialidad práctica donde después de una aplicación de tres meses se mejoran algunos indicadores físicos y educativos

Interfacial tension measurements using a new axisymmetric drop/bubble shape technique

This paper introduces a new mathematical model that is used to compute either the interfacial tension of quiescent axisymmetric pendant/sessile drops and pendant/captive bubbles. This model consists of the Young–Laplace equation, that describes interface shape, together with suitable boundary conditions that guarantee a prescribed volume of drops/bubbles and a fixed position in the capillary. In order to solve the problem numerically, the Young–Laplace equation is discretized by using numerical differentiation and the numerical solutions are obtained applying the well-know Newton method. The paper contains a validation of the new methodology presented for what theoretical bubble/drops are used. Finally, some numerical results are presented for both drops and bubbles of water as well as several surfactant solutions to demonstrate the applicability, versatility and reproducibility of the proposed methodology.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. MTM2015-66640-PMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTQ2014-55208-PMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTQ2017-84354-PMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. PGC2018-096696-B-I00Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GR 2007/085Xunta de Galicia | Ref. IN607C 2016/03Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431G/0

Fixed-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty provides a lower failure rate than mobile-bearing unicompartimental knee arthroplasty when used after a failed high tibial osteotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Data de publicació electrònica: 20-08-2021Despite the fact that the choice of bearing design has been thought to influence the functional outcomes and longevity of unicompartimental knee arthroplasty (UKA), there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting the decision-making process in patients who have undergone high tibial osteotomy (HTO). A systematic review of studies was carried out that reported the outcomes of fixed-bearing (FB) or mobile-bearing (MB) medial UKA in patients with a previous HTO. A random effect meta-analysis using a generalized linear mixed-effects model to calculate revision rates was done. Seven retrospective cohort studies were included for this study. Regarding the fixation method, 40 were the FB-UKA and 47 were MB-UKA. For both groups, the mean post-operative follow-up was 5.8 years. The survival rates were 92% for the FB-UKA with a mean follow-up of 10 years. For the MB-UKA, it ranged from 35.7 to 93%, with a mean follow-up of 4.2 years. For the FB, the time to revision was reported as 9.3 years, while 1.2, 2.5 and 2.91 years was reported for the MB. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the revision rate for the patients receiving a FB-UKA after failed HTO was 8%, compared to 17% in those who received an MB-UKA. The results of the review suggest that the use of the FB-UKA is associated with lower revision rates and a longer survival time than the MB-UKA and have similar functional ability scores.Level of evidence: III (systematic review of level-III studies)

MRI evaluation of the peripheral attachments of the lateral meniscal body: the menisco-tibio-popliteus-fibular complex

Data de publicació electrònica: 17-06-2021Purpose: To determine, identify and measure the structures of the menisco-tibio-popliteus-fibular complex (MTPFC) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knees without structural abnormalities or a history of knee surgery. Methods: One-hundred-and-five knees without prior injury or antecedent surgery were analyzed by means of MRI. The average age was 50.1 years ± 14.8. All the measurements were performed by three observers. The peripherical structures of the lateral meniscus body were identified to determine the location, size, and thickness of the entire MTPFC. The distance to other "key areas" in the lateral compartment was also studied and compared by gender and age. Results: The lateral meniscotibial ligament (LMTL) was found in 97.1% of the MRIs, the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) in 93.3%, the popliteomeniscal ligaments (PML) in 90.4% and the meniscofibular ligament (MFL) in 39%. The anteroposterior distance of the LMTL in an axial view was 20.7 mm ± 3.9, the anterior thickness of the LMTL was 1.1 mm ± 0.3, and the posterior thickness of the LMTL 1.2 mm ± 0.1 and the height in a coronal view was 10.8 mm ± 1.9. The length of the PFL in a coronal view was 8.7 mm ± 2.5, the thickness was 1.4 mm ± 0.4 and the width in an axial view was 7.8 mm ± 2.2. Conclusions: The MTPFC has a constant morphological and anatomical pattern for three of its main ligaments and can be easily identified and measured in an MRI; the MFL has a lower prevalence, considering a structure difficult to identify by 1.5 T MRI

Encuentros académicos : diversas disciplinas en diálogo

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