Educación, proselitismo y adoctrinamiento: perfil y repercusiones jurídicas

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción - 2. El concepto de educación-enseñanza, vinculado a la libertad religiosa y el pluralismo - 3. El proselitismo o incitación articulada para compartir una opción de vida - 4. El concepto de adoctrinamiento, como conducta lícita e ilícita - 5. Consecuencias jurídicas: la educación y sus parámetros - 6. Consecuencias jurídicas: El proselitismo legítimo y el abusivo o ilícito - 7. Los conflictos del proselitismo en el seno de la familia, según el TEDH - 8. Consecuencias jurídicas: el “adoctrinamiento” en la educación familiar y reglada - 9. El adoctrinamiento en los tipos penales - 10. Conclusiones.Education, proselytism and indoctrination: profile and legal treatmentABSTRACT: Nowadays the identity is a big question, and his preservation depends by a great deal on the education, the proselytism and the indoctrination. These three concepts, close and complex, demand a juridical explanation. This study looks for to light up them, in the European and Spanish context, through the legislation and the case-law

La exhibición de signos religiosos en las relaciones con el consumidor. ¿Existe un derecho a la neutralidad de la imagen corporativa de la empresa?

Comentamos una situación cada vez más frecuente: la exhibición de prendas o distintivos religiosos en instalaciones de acceso público (oficiales o privadas), o en lugares de trabajo, pero adoptamos la perspectiva del cliente o receptor de la prestación. Lo hacemos con ocasión de la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (Gran Sala) de la Unión Europea (TJUE) de 14 de marzo de 2017, Asma Bougnaoui, Association de défense des droits de l’homme (ADDH) y Micropole SA, una demanda de decisión prejudicial (art. 267 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea), en relación a la Directiva 2000/78/CE del Consejo, de 27 de noviembre de 2000, relativa al establecimiento de un marco general para la igualdad de trato en el empleo y la ocupación. La duda se proyecta sobre la interpretación de su artículo 4.1

Cell adhesive peptides functionalized on CoCr alloy stimulate endothelialization and prevent thrombogenesis and restenosis

Immobilization of bioactive peptide sequences on CoCr surfaces is an effective route to improve endothelialization, which is of great interest for cardiovascular stents. In this work, we explored the effect of physical and covalent immoblization of RGDS, YIGSR and their equimolar combination peptides on endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) adhesion and on thrombogenicity. We extensively investigated using RT-qPCR, the expression by ECs cultured on functionalised CoCr surfaces of different genes. Genes relevant for adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1), vascularization (VEGFA, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) and anti-thrombogenicity (tPA and eNOS) were over-expressed in the ECs grown to covalently functionalized CoCr surfaces compared to physisorbed and control surfaces. Pro-thrombogenic genes expression (PAI-1 and vWF) decreased over time. Cell co-cultures of ECs/SMCs found that functionalization increased the amount of adhered ECs onto modified surfaces compared to plain CoCr, independently of the used peptide and the strategy of immobilization. SMCs adhered less compared to ECs in all surfaces. All studied peptides showed a lower platelet cell adhesion compared to TCPS. Covalent functionalization of CoCr surfaces with an equimolar combination of RGDS and YIGSR represented prevailing strategy to enhance the early stages of ECs adhesion and proliferation, while preventing SMCs and platelet adhesion.Postprint (author's final draft

Guiding fibroblast activation using an RGD-mutated heparin binding II fragment of fibronectin for gingival titanium integration

The formation of a biological seal around the neck of titanium (Ti) implants is critical for ensuring integration at the gingival site and for preventing bacterialcolonization that may lead to periimplantitis. This process is guided byactivated fibroblasts, named myofibroblasts, which secrete extracellularmatrix (ECM) proteins and ECM-degrading enzymes resolving the wound.However, in some cases, Ti is not able to attract and activate fibroblasts to asufficient extent, which may compromise the success of the implant.Fibronectin (FN) is an ECM component found in wounds that is able to guidesoft tissue healing through the adhesion of cells and attraction of growthfactors (GFs). However, clinical use of FN functionalized Ti implants isproblematic because FN is difficult to obtain, and is sensitive to degradation.Herein, functionalizing Ti with a modified recombinant heparin binding II(HBII) domain of FN, mutated to include an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence forpromoting both fibroblast adhesion and GF attraction, is aimed at. TheHBII-RGD domain is able to stimulate fibroblast adhesion, spreading,proliferation, migration, and activation to a greater extent than the nativeHBII, reaching values closer to those of full-length FN suggesting that itmight induce the formation of a biological sealing.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Geometric overlapping coefcients for calculating the required emitters per plant in drip irrigation

[EN] The designer of irrigation systems must consider a complex combination of emitter type, emitter uniformity, hydraulics, topography, desired water distribution, crop salt tolerance, water requirements, water quality, fertilizer injection, soil salinity, cultural practices, and other site-specifc conditions. In contrast to the approaches applied for the hydraulic design of irrigation installations, there is not a clear, general and consolidated design criterion for calculating the number required emitters per plant. In most cases, given the wide spectrum of possible scenarios, only guideline recommendations can be found, and the fnal decision is often based on the subjective experience of the designer or grower. This paper aims at revising, clarifying and refning the existing published guidelines and methodologies for estimating the required emitters per plant in drip irrigation, focussing on the Montalvo approach. The agronomic design should satisfy, among others, two specifc conditions: (i) the emitters should wet at least a minimum threshold of the soil area (or volume) corresponding to the plant for ensuring a proper development of the roots; (ii) overlapping between emitter bulbs is required for merging wetted volumes and avoiding salt concentration near the root zone. Relying on this basis, a thorough theoretical geometric analysis of the overlapping between wet bulbs of contiguous emitters is carried out. As a result, Montalvo's overlapping coefcients are deduced here. This author assumes an identical net wetted area for all emitters in the laterals, but it can be stated that the overlapping areas between emitters difer in extreme emitters and interior emitters, as well as in confgurations with one lateral per plant row and two laterals per plant row. Therefore, this study proposes new formulations for the computation of the overlapping coefcient, which need to incorporate the number of emitters as an additional variable, as well as to distinguish between the presence of one or two laterals per plant row, and between grouped and non-grouped emitters. In one lateral per plant row, the original overlapping coefcient underestimates the net wetted area by one emitter and thus overestimates the theoretical number of required emitters. In the case of two laterals per plant row, the original overlapping coefcient overestimates the net wetted area in the interior emitters, and thus underestimates the theoretical number of required emitters per plant. The presented formulations are applied in diferent practical examples covering a wide range of scenarios. The results allow a general overview of the infuence of the soil type, the emitter fow rate, and the selected overlapping ratio in the number of required emitters per plant. The revision of guidelines and methods presented here, complemented with other experimental results and models of soil water dynamics under drip irrigation, might contribute to a better decision making of designers and feld engineers.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.Martí, P.; González Altozano, P.; Gasque Albalate, M.; Turegano Pastor, JV.; Royuela, A. (2023). Geometric overlapping coefcients for calculating the required emitters per plant in drip irrigation. Irrigation Science. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-023-00898-z120Al-Ogaidi AAM, Wayayok A, Rowshon MK, Fikri Abdullah A (2016) Wetting patterns estimation under drip irrigation Systems using an enhanced empirical model. Agric Water Manag 176:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.06.002ASAE EP 405.1 1988 (R2019) Design and installation of microirrigation systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. USAAtkinson D (1983) The growth, activity and distribution of the fruit tree root system. Plant Soil 71:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182638Ayars J E, Hutmacher RB, Schoneman RA, Vail SS, Patton SH, Felleke D (1985) Salt distribution under cotton trickle irrigated with saline water. In: Drip/Trickle Irrigation in Action. Proc. Third Drip/Trickle Irrigation Congress, Fresno, California. Nov. 18–21, 1985. ASAE. Vol 2:666–672Ayars JE, Bucks DA, Lamm FR, Nakayama FS (2007) Introduction. In: Lamm FR, Ayars JE, Nakayama FS (eds) Microirrigation for crop production. Design, operation, and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–26Bar-Yosef B, Sagiv B, Markovitch T (1989) Sweet corn response to surface and subsurface trickle phosphorus fertigation. Agron J 81:443–447Benami A, Ofen A (1983) Irrigation engineering. Irrigation Engineering Scientific Publication, Haifa, IsraelBielorai H (1985) Moisture, salinity, and root distribution in drip irrigated grapefruit. In: Drip/Trickle Irrigation in Action. Proc. Third Drip/Trickle Irrigation Congress, Fresno, California. Nov. 18–21, 1985. ASAE Vol 2:562–567Black JDF, West DW (1974) Water uptake by an apple tree with various proportions of the root system supplied with water. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Drip Irrigation Congress. California, USA. pp 32–433Clark GA, Haman DZ, Prochaska JF, Yitayew M (2007) General system design principles. In: Lamm FR, Ayars JE, Nakayama FS (eds) Microirrigation for crop production. Design, operation, and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 161–220del Vigo Á, Zubelzu S, Juana L (2020) Numerical routine for soil dynamics from trickle irrigation. Appl Math Model 83:371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.01.058del Vigo Á, Juana L, Rodriguez-Sinobas L (2022) Modelo numérico de simulación de flujo de agua en el suelo afectado por la absorción de la raíz. Ingeniería Del Agua 26(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2022.16531del Vigo Á, Colimba J, Juana L, Rodriguez-Sinobas L (2023) Numerical model for the simulation of soil water flow under root-absorption conditions. Application to tomato plant crop. Irrig Sci 41:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-022-00806-xFriedman SP, Communar G, Gamliel A (2016) DIDAS-User-friendly software package for assisting drip irrigation design and scheduling. Comput Electron Agric 120:36–52Howell TA, Meron M, Davis KR, Phene CJ, Yamada H (1987) Water management of trickle and furrow irrigated narrow row cotton in the San Joaquin Valley. Appl Eng Agric 3:222–227. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.26678Karmeli D, Peri G, Todes M (1985) Irrigation Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Design and operationKarimi B, Mohammadi P, Sanikhani H, Salih SQ, Yassen ZM (2020) Modeling wetted areas of moisture bulb for drip irrigation systems: an enhanced empirical model and artificial neural network. Comput Electron Agric 178(11):105767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105767Keller J (1978) Trickle irrigation. Section 15-7. National Engineering Handbook. Soil Conservation Service. USDA, USAKeller J, Karmeli D (1974) Trickle irrigation design. Rainbird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation, Glendora, CaliforniaLevin I, Assaf R, Bravdo B (1979) Soil moisture and root distribution in an apple orchard irrigated by tricklers. Plant Soil 52:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197729Meiri A, Frenkel H, Mantell A (1992) Cotton response to water and salinity under sprinkler and drip irrigation. Agron J 84:44–50Montalvo T (2003) Riego localizado: diseño de instalaciones. Inter-técnica, SpainOzgur K, Payam K, Salim H, Bakhtiar K, Nazir K (2021) Modeling wetting front redistribution of drip irrigation systems using a new machine learning method: adaptive neuro- fuzzy system improved by hybrid particle swarm optimization – gravity search algorithm. Agric Water Manag 256:107067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107067Pizarro F (1996) Riegos Localizados de alta frecuencia: goteo, microaspersión, exudación. Mundi-Prensa, SpainPlaut Z, Carmi A, Grava A (1988) Cotton growth and production under drip-irrigation restricted soil wetting. Irrig Sci 9:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00262356Rodrigo J, Hernández JM, Pérez A, González JF (1997) Riego localizado. Mundi-Prensa, SpainRusso D (1987) Lettuce yield-irrigation water quality and quantity relationships in a gypsiferous desert soil. Agron J 79:8–14Schwankl LJ, Hanson BR (2007) Surface drip irrigation. In: Lamm FR, Ayars JE, Nakayama FS (eds) Microirrigation for crop production. Design, operation, and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 431–472Schwankl LJ, Edstrom J, Hopmans J, Andreu L, Koumanov K (1999) Microsprinklers wet larger soil volume; boost almond yield, tree growth. Calif Agric 53(2):39–43Schwartzman M, Zur B (1986) Emitter spacing and geometry of wetted soil volume. J Irrig Drain Eng 112(3):242–253. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1986)112:3(242)Shiri J, Karimi B, Karimi N, Kazemi MH, Karimi S (2020) Simulating wetting front dimensions of drip irrigation systems: multi criteria assessment of soft computing models. J Hydrol 585:124792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124792Šimůnek J, van Genuchten MT, Šejna M (2006) The HYDRUS software package for simulating the two- and three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media, Technical Manual Version 1.0 University of California Riverside. Riverside, CA, 3PC. Progress, Prague. Czech RepublicŠimůnek J, van Genuchten MT, Šejna M (2016) Recent developments and applications of the HYDRUS computer software packages. Vadose Zone J 15(7):1–25. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.04.0033USDA-NRCS (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service) (1984) Trickle irrigation, national engineering handbook. Section 15, Ch 7Waller P, Yitayew M (2016) Irrigation and drainage engineering. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9Wang J, Chen R (2020) An improved finite element model for the hydraulic analysis of drip irrigation subunits considering local emitter head loss. Irrig Sci 38:147–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-019-00656-0Willoughby YP, Cockroft B (1974) Changes in root patterns of peach trees under tickle irrigation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Drip Irrigation Congress. California, USA. pp 439–44

Using a new high-throughput video-tracking platform to assess behavioural changes in Daphnia magna exposed to neuro-active drugs

© 2019. ElsevierOne of the major challenges that faces today regulatory risk assessment is to speed up the way of assessing threshold sublethal detrimental effects of existing and new chemical products. Recently advances in imaging allows to monitor in real time the behaviour of individuals under a given stress. Light is a common stress for many different organisms. Fish larvae and many invertebrate species respond to light altering their behaviour. The water flea Daphnia magna as many other zooplanktonic species has a marked diel vertical phototactic swimming behaviour against light due to fish predation. The aim of this study was to develop a high throughput image analysis to study changes in the vertical swimming behaviour to light of D. magna first reproductive adult females exposed to 0.1 and 1 µg/L of four psychiatric drugs: diazepam, fluoxetine, propranolol and carbamazepine during their entire life. Experiments were conducted using a new custom designed vertical oriented four 50 mL chamber device controlled by the Noldus software (Netherlands). Changes in speed, preferred area (bottom vs upper areas) and animal aggregation were analysed using groups of animals under consecutive periods of dark and apical light stimulus of different intensities. Obtained results indicated that light intensity increased the speed but low light intensities allowed to better discriminate individual responses to the studied drugs. The four tested drugs decreased the response of exposed organisms to light: individuals move less, were closer to the bottom and at low light intensities were closer each other. At high light intensities, however, exposed individuals were less aggregated. Propranolol, carbamazepine and fluoxetine were the compounds effecting most the behaviour. Our results indicated that psychiatric drugs at environmental relevant concentrations alter the vertical phototactic behaviour of D. magna individuals and that it is possible to develop appropriate high-throughput image analysis devices to measure those responses.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Molecular modeling of S-RNases involved in almond self-incompatibility

Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) is a mechanism in flowering plants, to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrossing. GSI is under the control of a specific locus, known as the S-locus, which contains at least two genes, the RNase and the SFB. Active S-RNases in the style are essential for rejection of haploid pollen, when the pollen S-allele matches one of two S-alleles of the diploid pistil. However, the nature of their mutual interactions at genetic and biochemical levels remain unclear. Thus, detailed understanding of the protein structure involved in GSI may help in discovering how the proteins involved in GSI may function and how they fulfill their biological roles. To this end, 3D models of the SC (Sf) and two SI (S8 and S23) S-RNases of almond were constructed, using comparative modeling tools. The modeled structures consisted of mixed α and β folds, with six helices and six β-strands. However, the self-compatible (Sf) RNase contained an additional extended loop between the conserved domains RC4 and C5, which may be involved in the manifestation of self-compatibility in almond

Maar-diatreme infill features recorded in borehole imaging

Oriented borehole images recorded with an ultrasonic acoustic televiewer and continuous coring recovery has allowed the characterization of different facies and volcanic processes involved in the infill of a maar-diatreme volcano type. Maar-diatremes are associated with strong explosions throughout most of their development, focused along feeder dikes and generally attributed to magma-water interaction. In the case study of Camp dels Ninots maar-diatreme (Girona, Spain) we have recognized four facies types located in the center of the maar-diatreme: volcanic ash, phreatomagmatic breccia with lithics and juveniles, vesicular pyroclasts (scoria), massive basalt or welded pyroclastic fragments. Ultrasonic televiewer images allow to characterize the different volcanic facies, since they display a different degree of reflectivity and textures. Other features such as fracturing and grain size can be directly measured on the images.Projects 2014-100575 from Departament de Cultura de and SGR2014-901 from AGAUR (both from Generalitat de Catalunya) financed the drilling campaigns.Peer Reviewe