Cinéticas de crecimiento y consumo de nutrientes de microalgas en aguas residuales urbanas con diferentes niveles de tratamiento

El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido el estudio de la velocidad de crecimiento y de consumo de nitrógeno y fósforo de un bloom de microalgas cultivadas en aguas residuales urbanas con diferente nivel y tipología de tratamiento. Para ello se han cultivado las microalgas por duplicado en discontinuo bajo condiciones controladas de temperatura, luz y aireación, en cuatro medios de ensayo, consistentes en cuatro aguas residuales: (1) salida de pretratamiento; (2) efluente de decantación secundaria; (3) efluente de un reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente denominado UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), y finalmente, (4) mezcla de efluente del UASB y agua de secundario, todas de la misma estación depuradora de aguas residuales urbanas. La modelización cinética para el análisis de resultados con los modelos de Verhulst y el Photobiotreatment model indica una evolución temporal diferente de la concentración de biomasa, N y P total disuelto, respectivamente, en los diferentes medios de ensayo. La productividad es mayor en los ensayos con agua procedente del biorreactor UASB (0.094 g SS l-1 d-1). En este medio de cultivo, la velocidad de eliminación del nitrógeno no presenta diferencia con el resto de aguas residuales utilizadas en el ensayo, mientras que en el caso del fósforo, la eliminación es la menor de entre todos los medios estudiados

Biomarkers responses in muscle of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) from a heavy metals and PAHs polluted estuary.

The biochemical responses in muscle, such as the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, were studied in sole (Solea senegalensis) collected in Huelva estuary (SW Spain), in the vicinity of a petrochemical and mining industry. The sampling sites showed different type and degree of pollution. The results demonstrated significant differences in muscle activities of AChE and IDH in Odiel and Tinto Rivers compared to control fish. LDH activity did not show any difference between sampling sites. Significant correlations were established between some biomarkers and heavy metals: AChE was correlated with Pb, Cd and Cu concentrations in water; IDH activity was correlated with Cd and Cu concentrations in water and As, Pb and Cd concentrations in sediments; LDH activity was correlated with As and Zn concentration in water and Cd concentration in sediment. Only one correlation was established between the biomarkers analysed and the concentrations of PAHs: benzo(b)fluoranthene concentration in sediment and IDH

EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A induction in liver and gills of Senegal sole Solea senegalensis from a polluted Huelva Estuary (SW Spain).

EROD activity and induction cytochrome P4501A in liver and gills of Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, from a heavy metal and PAH polluted estuary, was studied. Liver and gill CYP1A catalytic activity was assessed at the enzyme activity level-measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and cellular localization of CYP1A in the liver was studied using immunohistochemistry. Liver EROD was correlated with phenanthrene-type metabolites in liver and copper concentrations in water. Strong CYP1A occurrence was observed in acinar pancreatic cells, pancreatic duct epithelium and vascular system endothelium and negative/rare induction were observed in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelium. In gills, EROD activity showed a significant correlation with different fractions of heavy metals in sediment but no correlation was observed between EROD activity and PAHs. Strongly positive CYP1A associated staining of the vascular system endothelia and primary filament cells and a moderate staining of pillar cells in gills were observed. The results substantiated the utility of EROD activity and CYP1A induction measurement as biomarkers for use by aquatic toxicologists and indicate that catalytic assays and immunohistochemical assays appear to be sensitive to different kinds of pollutants being the use of both methods recommended for monitoring programs

Biochemical effects and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) from a Huelva estuary (SW Spain).

Relations between several stress oxidative biomarkers and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations have been studied in wild sole, Solea senegalensis collected in the vicinity of a petrochemical industry. Antioxidant enzyme activities in eco-toxicological studies constitute excellent markers for exposure to a large variety of pollutants. The 16 PAHs in sediment as well as oxidative damage (LPO), activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and PAHs type metabolites in sole liver were analysed. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were established between some biomarkers as GST, GPx and CAT and PAHs metabolites in liver (naphthalene, pyrene and phenanthrene) and PAHs concentrations in sediments (fluoranthene, acenaphthene, anthracene and chrysene). PAHs accumulated in the sediment and organisms are inducers of antioxidant defences. GST, GPx and CAT were robust biomarkers showing correlations with both PAHs in sediments and liver PAH metabolites showing different responses to low and high molecular weight PAHs

Gasto público en niñas, niños y adolescentes en el Perú : estudio de caso del análisis del gasto público en los espacios amazónicos 2013-2015

El informe está dividido en tres capítulos. En el primero, se presentan los resultados del seguimiento al Gasto Público en Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes al 2015. En el segundo, se realiza un análisis de la evolución de dicho gasto en los espacios amazónicos, diferenciado por territorio con predominancia de población indígena y no indígena; así como un análisis para tres Programas Presupuestales (PP): (i) Programa de Logros de Aprendizaje de Estudiantes de la Educación Básica Regular (PELA), (ii) Programa Articulado Nutricional (PAN) y, (iii) Programa de Lucha contra la Violencia Familiar (PLCVF). El análisis de estos PP tuvo como finalidad identificar posibles barreras que, desde la ejecución del gasto, obstaculizarían el alcance de sus objetivos, además de formular recomendaciones que permitan superar estas dificultades. Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo, se presentan las principales conclusiones del seguimiento al GPNNA y las recomendaciones que se derivan del análisis del gasto público en los espacios amazónicos. Entre los objetivos de esta publicación se encuentran el de incentivar el interés por analizar con mayor detalle el gasto público en temáticas en las que se evidencian inequidades que afectan el cumplimiento universal de los derechos de la niñez y la adolescencia. Adicionalmente, tiene la finalidad de ser un insumo útil para la toma de decisiones de política pública por parte de las autoridades y funcionarios del Estado, así como reforzar el rol de vigilancia de los representantes de la sociedad civil, la academia y los medios de comunicación y, por supuesto, de niñas, niños y adolescentes sobre la evolución del gasto público en este sector de la población

Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015-2019

Altres ajuts: Spanish AIDS Research Network; European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015-2018. Methods: The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results: The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population

Estudio y cuantificación del gasto cardiaco mediante ecocardiografía bidimensional-modo "m"-doppler. Correlación con los métodos de termodilución y angiocardiografía

Se realizó a un grupo de 90 pacientes (66 varones y 24 hembras) con edades entre 35 y 75 años y con diversa patología, predominando la cardiopatía isquémica, un estudio ecocardiográfico combinado (bidimensional-m-doppler pulsado), determinándose el gasto cardiaco o volumen minuto, mediante la formula (gasto cardiaco=velocidad media del flujo x área de sección x 60). Se determino dicho parámetro en tres regiones (área aortica, pulmonar y mitral), y dentro de esas regiones aplicándose distintas formulas para calcular el área de sección, obteniéndose en total, diez medidas del gasto cardiaco por este método. Al mismo tiempo se determinaba el gasto cardiaco por el método de termodilución o angiocardiografía que fueron usados como patrón de referencia. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten afirmar: la accesibilidad del método es excelente oscilando entre 77 y 98% según la región donde se determine, siendo mas alta en región aortica. La fiabilidad del método es muy buena con índices de correlación para la región aortica (r=0,91), región pulmonar (r=0,91) y región mitral (r=0,73). Las velocidades medias calculadas guardan una correlación notable, directamente con el gasto cardiaco (r=0,83-0,76), lo que nos permite la obtención de unas constantes para cada área (aortica=3,5 mitral=3,4 y pulmonar=3,8) con las que se puede estimar el gasto cardiaco midiendo solo la velocidad media. La velocidad máxima del flujo guarda relación con el gasto cardiaco pero con menos intensidad que la velocidad media. Los errores mas frecuentes son debidos al mal calculo del área de sección por problemas de resolución lateral o medición de diámetros oblicuos o no calcular en el mismo sitio la velocidad del flujo y el área de sección

Growth Kinetics and Nutrient Uptake of Microalgae in Urban Wastewaters with Different Treatment Levels

The main objective of this work was to study the speed of growth and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in a bloom of cultured microalgae in urban wastewater receiving different levels and types of treatment. To this end, microalgae were cultured in duplicate with discontinuity under controlled temperature, light and aeration conditions. Four test media were used consisting of four wastewater effluents: (1) pretreatment, (2) secondary clarifier, (3) UASB bioreactor (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) and (4) mixture of UASB and secondary wastewater. All were obtained from the same urban wastewater treatment station. Verhulst and Photobiotreatment models were used to analyze the results. The study found different temporal evolutions of the biomass concentration and total dissolved N and P with the different media tested. Productivity was greater in tests with water from the UASB reactor (0.094 g SS l(-1) d(-1)). In this culture medium, the speed at which nitrogen was removed was similar to the rest of the wastewater tested while phosphorus removal was slower than the other media studied