Measuring the interaction force between a high temperature superconductor and a permanent magnet

Repulsive and attractive forces are both possible between a superconducting sample and a permanent magnet, and they can give place to magnetic levitation or free-suspension phenomena, respectively. We show experiments to quantify this magnetic interaction which represents a promising field regarding to short-term technological applications of high temperature superconductors. The measuring technique employs an electronic balance and a rare-earth magnet that induces a magnetic moment in a melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor immersed in liquid nitrogen. The simple design of the experiments allows a fast and easy implementation in the advanced physics laboratory with a minimum cost. Actual levitation and suspension demonstrations can be done simultaneously as a help to interpret magnetic force measurements.Comment: 12 pages and 3 figures in postscrip

Alpha-taxonomy in the cricetid rodent Neomicroxus, a first assessment

Neomicroxus, a recently named genus, comprises small-bodied cricetid rodents patchily distributed in high-Andean ranges from Ecuador to Venezuela. Currently, two species of Neomicroxus are recognized, N. bogotensis, endemic to the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and Cordillera de Mérida and Páramo de Tamá in Venezuela, and N. latebricola that occurs northern Andes of Ecuador. The genus is among the most poorly understood Neotropical rodents and to date no formal assessment about its alpha taxonomy was conducted. Based on DNA evidence of the first portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cytb) and the first exon of the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), as well as craniodental measurements,we explored the divergence degree, genetic structure and phyletic relationships of the two species currently allocated under Neomicroxus. Our analyses support the monophyly of the genus as well as its uncertain tribal affiliation. Neomicroxus was retrieved as structured in two main branches, in agreement with the traditional recognition of two species. The populations referred to N. bogotensis exhibit deep divergence values (> 6 %) pointing to the existence of undescribed species under its concept. In contrast, populations of N. latebricola show a shallow genetic structure although implying recognizable geographical breaks. A moderate degree of genetic and morphological differentiation supports a new subspecies for the western populations of N. latebricola. Our contribution is the first attempt to better understanding the alpha taxonomy of Neomicroxus, highlighting the importance of the geographic complexity as a barrier to the genetic flow in N. bogotensis and the significance of the subspecies concept to formalize the geographic variation recovered in N. latebricola.Neomicroxus, un género recientemente nominado, agrupa roedores cricétidos de pequeño tamaño distribuidos en zonas altas de los Andes, desde Ecuador hasta Venezuela. Actualmente, se reconocen dos especies, N. bogotensis endémica de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, Cordillera de Mérida y Páramo de Tamá en Venezuela, y N. latebricola, que ocupa el norte de los Andes en Ecuador. Este género se encuentra entre los roedores neotropicales menos conocidos y, hasta la fecha, no se ha realizado ninguna evaluación formal sobre su taxonomía alfa. Basados en secuencias de ADN de la primera porción del gen mitocondrial del citocromo b (cytb) y el primer exón de la proteína de unión del interfotoreceptor del retinoide (IRBP) e información métrica cráneo-dentaria, exploramos el grado de divergencia, estructura genética y relaciones filogenéticas de las dos especies actualmente asignadas bajo Neomicroxus. Nuestros análisis apoyan la monofilia del género como así también su afiliación tribal incierta. Se recuperaron dos clados principales en concordancia con las especies reconocidas dentro del género. Las poblaciones referidas a N. bogotensis muestran valores de divergencia profunda (> 6 %) que sugieren la existencia de una especie no descrita. En contraste, las poblaciones de N. latebricola muestran una estructura genética somera pero que implica quiebres geográficos reconocibles. La diferenciación genética y morfológica moderada apoyan la existencia de una nueva subespecie para las poblaciones occidentales de N. latebricola. Nuestra contribución es el primer intento de comprender la taxonomía alfa de Neomicroxus, destacando la importancia de la complejidad geográfica como barrera para el flujo genético en N. bogotensis y la importancia del concepto de subespecie para formalizar la variación geográfica observada en N. latebricola.Fil: Cañón Valenzuela, Carola Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Curay, Jenny. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad; EcuadorFil: Brito, Jorge. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad; EcuadorFil: Colmenares-Pinzón, Javier E.. Universidad Industrial Santander; ColombiaFil: Pardiñas, Ulises Francisco J.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad; Ecuado

Alpha and beta phylogenetic diversities jointly reveal ant community assembly mechanisms along a tropical elevational gradient

Despite the long-standing interest in the organization of ant communities across elevational gradients, few studies have incorporated the evolutionary information to understand the historical processes that underlay such patterns. Through the evaluation of phylogenetic α and β-diversity, we analyzed the structure of leaf-litter ant communities along the Cofre de Perote mountain in Mexico and evaluated whether deterministic- (i.e., habitat filtering, interspecific competition) or stochastic-driven processes (i.e., dispersal limitation) were driving the observed patterns. Lowland and some highland sites showed phylogenetic clustering, whereas intermediate elevations and the highest site presented phylogenetic overdispersion. We infer that strong environmental constraints found at the bottom and the top elevations are favoring closely-related species to prevail at those elevations. Conversely, less stressful climatic conditions at intermediate elevations suggest interspecific interactions are more important in these environments. Total phylogenetic dissimilarity was driven by the turnover component, indicating that the turnover of ant species along the mountain is actually shifts of lineages adapted to particular locations resembling their ancestral niche. The greater phylogenetic dissimilarity between communities was related to greater temperature differences probably due to narrow thermal tolerances inherent to several ant lineages that evolved in more stable conditions. Our results suggest that the interplay between environmental filtering, interspecific competition and habitat specialization plays an important role in the assembly of leaf-litter ant communities along elevational gradients

Mercadeo

Se describen conceptos asociados al mercadeo y se presenta el material de referencia que corresponde al área de mercadeo de la empresa asociativa en todas sus facetas y durante todas sus fases de desarrollo.Concepts associated with marketing are described and the reference material corresponding to the marketing area of the associative company in all its facets and during all its development phases is presented.El concepto de mercadeo -- Definición del mercado para la empresa asociativa -- Estrategia del mercado para la empresa asociativa -- El producto -- El precio -- La distribución -- La promociónnaDocumento producto del convenio de cooperación técnica SENA - Holanda.Series de la colección PMUR: 1. Guía Metodológica; 2. Material Didáctico; 3. Lecturas de Referencia; 4. Estudios.Publicaciones de la serie “Lecturas de referencia” : 1. Características de las Empresas Asociativas; 2. Mercadeo; 3. Producción; 4. Tecnología; 5. Financiación; 6. Contabilidad; 7. Marco Legal; 8. Formación Socioempresarial.92 página

Producción

Fascículo que describe el concepto de producción, se exponen las características y objetivos específicos de la producción en la pequeña empresa asociativa, sistemas para preparación, programación y organización de la producción y métodos para el cálculo de costos de producción.Fascicle describing the concept of production, the specific characteristics and objectives of production in the small associative enterprise, systems for preparation, programming and organization of production and methods for calculating production costs are set out.Características y objetivos de la pequeña empresa -- Preparación, programación y organización de la producción en empresas urbanas -- Preparacion programacion y organizacion de la producción en empresas agropecuarias -- Calculo de costos de producción en empresas urbanas -- Cálculo de costos de producción en empresas ruralesna75 página

The Proteasomal Deubiquitinating Enzyme PSMD14 Regulates Macroautophagy by Controlling Golgi-to-ER Retrograde Transport

Ubiquitination regulates several biological processes, however the role of specific members of the ubiquitinome on intracellular membrane trafficking is not yet fully understood. Here, we search for ubiquitin-related genes implicated in protein membrane trafficking performing a High-Content siRNA Screening including 1187 genes of the human “ubiquitinome” using amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a reporter. We identified the deubiquitinating enzyme PSMD14, a subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome, specific for K63-Ub chains in cells, as a novel regulator of Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrograde transport. Silencing or pharmacological inhibition of PSMD14 with Capzimin (CZM) caused a robust increase in APP levels at the Golgi apparatus and the swelling of this organelle. We showed that this phenotype is the result of rapid inhibition of Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport, a pathway implicated in the early steps of the autophagosomal formation. Indeed, we observed that inhibition of PSMD14 with CZM acts as a potent blocker of macroautophagy by a mechanism related to the retention of Atg9A and Rab1A at the Golgi apparatus. As pharmacological inhibition of the proteolytic core of the 20S proteasome did not recapitulate these effects, we concluded that PSMD14, and the K63-Ub chains, act as a crucial regulatory factor for macroautophagy by controlling Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport

Financiación

Fascículo de la serie “Lecturas de referencia” que describe cómo tratar los problemas financieros en las empresas asociativas, sistema financiero adecuado en la empresa asociativa y principios para el manejo del área financiera.Fascicle of the series “Reference readings” that describes how to deal with financial problems in associative companies, adequate financial system in the associative company and principles for managing the financial area.La problemática de la financiación de empresas asociativas en los niveles informales -- una visión estructural del problema -- sistema financiero adecuado - el fondo de apoyo de empresas asociativas -- el manejo del área financiera al interior de las empresasnaDocumento producto del convenio de cooperación técnica SENA - Holanda.Series de la colección PMUR: 1. Guía Metodológica; 2. Material Didáctico; 3. Lecturas de Referencia; 4. Estudios.Publicaciones de la serie “Lecturas de referencia” : 1. Características de las Empresas Asociativas; 2. Mercadeo; 3. Producción; 4. Tecnología; 5. Financiación; 6. Contabilidad; 7. Marco Legal; 8. Formación Socioempresarial.40 página

Plasticity and memory effects in the vortex solid phase of twinned YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals

We report on marked memory effects in the vortex system of twinned YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals observed in ac susceptibility measurements. We show that the vortex system can be trapped in different metastable states with variable degree of order arising in response to different system histories. The pressure exerted by the oscillating ac field assists the vortex system in ordering, locally reducing the critical current density in the penetrated outer zone of the sample. The robustness of the ordered and disordered states together with the spatial profile of the critical current density lead to the observed memory effects

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Blue Mussel Mytilus chilensis Reveals Molecular Signatures Facing the Marine Environment

The blue mussel Mytilus chilensis is an endemic and key socioeconomic species inhabiting the southern coast of Chile. This bivalve species supports a booming aquaculture industry, which entirely relies on artificially collected seeds from natural beds that are translocated to diverse physical–chemical ocean farming conditions. Furthermore, mussel production is threatened by a broad range of microorganisms, pollution, and environmental stressors that eventually impact its survival and growth. Herein, understanding the genomic basis of the local adaption is pivotal to developing sustainable shellfish aquaculture. We present a high-quality reference genome of M. chilensis, which is the first chromosome-level genome for a Mytilidae member in South America. The assembled genome size was 1.93 Gb, with a contig N50 of 134 Mb. Through Hi-C proximity ligation, 11,868 contigs were clustered, ordered, and assembled into 14 chromosomes in congruence with the karyological evidence. The M. chilensis genome comprises 34,530 genes and 4795 non-coding RNAs. A total of 57% of the genome contains repetitive sequences with predominancy of LTR-retrotransposons and unknown elements. Comparative genome analysis of M. chilensis and M. coruscus was conducted, revealing genic rearrangements distributed into the whole genome. Notably, transposable Steamer-like elements associated with horizontal transmissible cancer were explored in reference genomes, suggesting putative relationships at the chromosome level in Bivalvia. Genome expression analysis was also conducted, showing putative genomic differences between two ecologically different mussel populations. The evidence suggests that local genome adaptation and physiological plasticity can be analyzed to develop sustainable mussel production. The genome of M. chilensis provides pivotal molecular knowledge for the Mytilus complex

Manejo de Riego por Goteo en Uva de Mesa cv. Thompson Seedless Cultivada en Suelos de Textura Fina

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of three drip irrigation frequencies on table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless planted on a clay loam textured soil (Fluventic Haploxeroll). The drip irrigation frequencies were established considering daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated by evaporation pan and adjusted using a crop coefficient (Kc). The treatments corresponded to a water application each time the accumulated daily ETc was equivalent to 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12), and 18 h of irrigation (T18). The largest soil wet bulb size was obtained with T18. This treatment also produced greater berry weight and size. Stem water potential was higher in T18 (P 64 0.05) than in the other treatments. These results can be explained, given the soil texture characteristics (clay loam), by a better water/air balance with a less frequent irrigation regime.El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de tres frecuencias de riego por goteo sobre un parronal de uva de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.), cv. Thompson Seedless, plantado en un suelo de textura franco arcillosa (Fluventic Haploxeroll). Las frecuencias de riego se establecieron considerando la evapotranspiraci\uf3n (ETc) acumulada del cultivo, determinada por el m\ue9todo de la evaporaci\uf3n de bandeja y corregida por un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), y expresada como acumulaci\uf3n de horas de riego equivalentes. Los tratamientos correspondieron a regar cada vez que la ETc acumulada correspondiera a 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12) y 18 h de riego (T18). El mayor tama\uf1o de bulbo de suelo h\ufamedo se obtuvo con el T18. Este tratamiento present\uf3 mayor peso de poda y calibre de bayas a la cosecha. El potencial h\ueddrico xilem\ue1tico fue m\ue1s alto (P 640,05) en el tratamiento T18 que en los otros tratamientos. Estos resultados se podr\uedan explicar, dadas las caracter\uedsticas texturales del suelo, por un mejor equilibrio agua-aire en el suelo en el tratamiento regado con menos frecuencia