Otomatisasi Generator Set Untuk Skala Rumah Dan Home Industry

Perancangan dan realisasi otomatisasi generator set untuk skala rumah dan home industry dapat digunakan untuk mengoperasikan generator set beserta pemanasan mesin setiap satu minggu sekali secara otomatis. Alat ini menggunakan mikrokontroler sebagai pengendali generator set, masukan listrik PLN dan keluaran listrik dari generator set sehingga antara listrik PLN dan generator set tidak terjadi hubung singkat. Alat ini dapat mencatat lama penggunaan generator set sehingga penggantian oli dapat terjadwal. Aki dari generator set juga dapat dipantau dengan mudah sehingga tidak menyebabkan kerusakan pada generator set. Pengujian sistem dilakukan per modul mau pun secara keseluruhan. Modul-modul yang diuji adalah modul pemroses, modul relay HKE, dan modul RTC. Pengujian keseluruhan sistem dilakukan dengan simulasi lima buah kasus. Hasil pengujian sistem memperlihatkan bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk menyalakan, mematikan, dan memanaskan mesin generator set menjadi lebih singkat. Hasil pengujian untuk menyalakan generator set secara manual adalah 3 menit dan 14 detik, sedangkan untuk hasil pengujian dengan alat yang dirancang adalah 8 detik. Pengujian menyalakan generator set secara manual memiliki ketentuan generator set berjarak 20 meter dari pengguna dan kondisi generator set dalam kondisi baik. Hasil pengujian untuk mematikan generator set secara manual adalah 4 menit 21 detik, sedangkan hasil pengujian dengan alat yang dirancang adalah 41 detik

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah dengan Metode Eksperimen terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Siswa Kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Gerung

Penelitian bertujuan menyelidiki pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis masalah (PBM) dengan metode ekspperimental terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas XI MIPA SMAN 1 Gerung, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian ini berjenis kuasi eksperiment dengan menggunakan desain kelas kontrol - pretest dan posttest. Sebagai populasi adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI MIPA SMAN 1Gerung dengan sampel siswa kelas XI MIPA-6 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI MIPA-7 sebagai kelas kontrol. Siswa di kelas eksperimen belajar dengan PBM dengan metode eksperimen sedangkan di kelas kontrol belajar secara konvensional. Instrumen penelitian terdiri atas lembar observasi (pendeteksi sikap dan kinerja psikomotor siswa), rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (pemandu pelaksanaan pembelajaran), dan alat tes pilihan ganda (pengukur hasil belajar kognitif). Data sikap dan kinerja psikomotor dianalisis secara deskritif sedangkan data hasil belajar kognitif dianalisis menggunakan uji-t pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa PBM dengan metode eksperimen berengaruh terhada hasil belajar siswa. Selain itu, siswa juga menunjukkan respon positif terhadap model pembelajaran ini, seperti bertanggungjawab, sabar, secara serius memerhatikan penjelasan dan presentasi. Di sisi lain, dalam kegiatan praktik, siswa memperlihatkan kemampuannya dalam menyusun alat dan bahan, mengumpulkan data, dan dalam melakukan percoban sebagaimana yang diinstruksikan

Effect of Rhesus D incompatibility on schizophrenia depends on offspring sex.

Rhesus D incompatibility increases risk for schizophrenia, with some evidence that risk is limited to male offspring. The purpose of this study is to determine whether risk for schizophrenia due to Rhesus D incompatibility differs by offspring sex using a nuclear family-based candidate gene approach and a meta-analysis approach. The genetic study is based on a sample of 277 nuclear families with RHD genotype data on at least one parent and at least one child diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorder. Meta-analysis inclusion criteria were (1) well-defined sample of schizophrenia patients with majority born before 1970, (2) Rhesus D incompatibility phenotype or genotype data available on mother and offspring, and by offspring sex. Two of ten studies, plus the current genetic study sample, fulfilled these criteria, for a total of 358 affected males and 226 affected females. The genetic study found that schizophrenia risk for incompatible males was significantly greater than for compatible offspring (p=0.03), while risk for incompatible and compatible females was not significantly different (p=.32). Relative risks for incompatible males and females were not significantly different from each other. Meta-analysis using a larger number of affected males and females supports their difference. Taken together, these results provide further support that risk of schizophrenia due to Rhesus D incompatibility is limited to incompatible males, although a weak female incompatibility effect cannot be excluded. Sex differences during fetal neurodevelopment should be investigated to fully elucidate the etiology of schizophrenia

Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Sediment of Local Open Channels Receiving Johkasou Effluent

Onsite wastewater treatment system named Johkasou has been widely applied in the Japanese rural areas, which the effluent is mainly discharged into stream channels. However, Johkasou effluent would potentially be a source of contamination that can deteriorate water and sediment quality of the receiving downstream network. In order to identify the effect of Johkasou effluent particularly in sediment, a study on the distribution of fecal indicators (F-RNA bacteriophages, total coliform (TC), and Escherichia coli [E. coli]) in several sediment spots of local open channels receiving Johkasou effluent was conducted. The results showed that the contents of F-RNA bacteriophages, TC and E. coli in the sediment of open channels were detected in high levels while those contents in the sediment of Johkasou drainage channel were up to two orders magnitude higher than in the open channel. A high number of fecal bacteria in the receiving open channels was majorly influenced by the number of domestic households. Moderate correlations of fecal bacteria indicator with solid sediment and volatile sediment indicate that the sediment particles can be carriers of microbes to the downstream water networks. Therefore, water flushing and hydraulic events are suggested to reduce sediment depth that contained fecal bacteria indicator in the open channel

An Examination of Commercial Aviation Accidents and Incidents Related to Integrated Vehicle Health Management

The Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) Project is one of the four projects within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aviation Safety Program (AvSafe). The IVHM Project conducts research to develop validated tools and technologies for automated detection, diagnosis, and prognosis that enable mitigation of adverse events during flight. Adverse events include those that arise from system, subsystem, or component failure, faults, and malfunctions due to damage, degradation, or environmental hazards that occur during flight. Determining the causal factors and adverse events related to IVHM technologies will help in the formulation of research requirements and establish a list of example adverse conditions against which IVHM technologies can be evaluated. This paper documents the results of an examination of the most recent statistical/prognostic accident and incident data that is available from the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System to determine the causal factors of system/component failures and/or malfunctions in U.S. commercial aviation accidents and incidents

Cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Effect of improved battery life and comparison with amiodarone therapy

AbstractThe implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) greatly reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death among patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation who do not respond to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed, comparing the ICD, amiodarone and conventional agents. Actual variable costs of hospitalization and follow-up care were used for 21 ICD- and 43 amiodarone-treated patients. Life expectancy and total variable costs were predicted with use of a Markov decision analytic model. Clinical event rates and probabilities were based on published reports or expert opinion.Life expectancy with an ICD (6.1 years) was 50% greater than that associated with treatment with amiodarone (3.9 years) and 2.5 times that associated with conventional treatment (2.5 years). Assuming replacement every 24 months, ICD lifetime treatment costs (in 1989 dollars) for a 55-year old patient are expected to be $89,600 compared with$24,800 for amiodarone and $16,100 for conventional therapy, yielding a marginal cost/effectiveness ratio for ICD versus amiodarone therapy of$29,200/year of life saved, which is comparable to that of other accepted medical treatments. If technologic improvements extend average battery life to 36 months, the marginal cost/effectiveness ratio would be $21,880/ year of life saved, and at 96 months it would be$13,800/year of life saved. Patient age at implantation did not significantly affect these results.If quality of life on amiodarone therapy is 30% lower than that with the ICD, the marginal cost/effectiveness ratio decreases by 35%. If the quality of life for patients receiving drugs is 40% lower than that of patients treated with an ICD, use of the defibrillator becomes the dominant strategy

Improvement in Physical Function and Quality of Life in Older Adults Following 4 Weeks of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Older adults often suffer from sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, which negatively impacts physical function and quality of life (QoL). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is frequently used in physical rehabilitation as a muscle strengthening modality; however, little research exists on QoL outcomes in response to NMES. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine changes in QoL and physical function in older adults after 4 weeks of NMES. METHODS: Ten healthy, older adults participated in the study (67.8 ± 2.1 years-old). Each participant was seated on an isokinetic dynamometer with the knee positioned at 60°, and a 40-min NMES treatment was applied to the quadriceps muscles of each leg 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Stimulation frequency was set at 60 Hz with repeated cycles of 10s on and 15s off. Stimulation intensity was set to achieve 15% of each participant’s maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and was increased every 5 minutes if the torque was below 15% MVC. Each subject was given a pre and post intervention survey assessing indicators of QoL: self-efficacy for physical function (0-100 scale), perceived competence in physical domains (e.g., strength, endurance, coordination, 1-6 scale), physical self-concept (1-6 scale), and intention to be physically active (1-7 scale). Physical function of the lower body was assessed pre and post intervention with a timed up and go test (TUG). Paired sample t-tests were used to test for differences over time (pre, post) for TUG and QoL dimensions (significance set at p \u3c 0.05). Cohen’s d was calculated for effect size. RESULTS: Perceived coordination significantly increased with a medium effect size (5.10 ± .0.16 vs 5.38 ± 0.17, p = 0.03, d = 0.55), pre vs post, respectively. The following QoL dimensions showed a statistically non-significant increase with a small effect size: intention to be physically active (6.08 ± 0.58 vs 6.68 ± 0.22, p = 0.33, d = 0.48), self-efficacy (95.61 ± 2.19 vs 97.37 ± 1.40, p = 0.10, d = 0.31), and endurance (3.57 ± 0.33 vs 3.77 ± 0.19, p = 0.43, d = 0.24). Two dimensions trended toward improvement: physical self-concept (4.57 ± 0.35 vs 4.77 ± 0.30, p = 0.37, d = 0.19) and physical activity (4.08 ± 0.45 vs 4.30 ± 0.31, p = 0.36, d = 0.19. There was a significant decrease in time to complete the TUG (8.77 ± 0.59s vs 7.71 ± 0.43s, p = 0.004, d = 0.63). CONCLUSION: TUG times and coordination showed significant improvement while other QoL dimensions trended toward improvement after 4 weeks of NMES. Enhanced physical function subsequent to NMES treatment may contribute to improved overall QoL by increasing confidence to perform physical activities, and may thereby counter the risk of sarcopenia

Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure in Menthol and Non-menthol Smokers.

IntroductionBecause 30% of cigarettes sold in the United States are characterized as menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand how menthol preference may affect the impact of a nicotine reduction policy.MethodsIn a recent trial, non-treatment-seeking smokers were randomly assigned to receive very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) or normal nicotine cigarettes (NNC; 15.5 mg/g) for 20 weeks. On the basis of preference, participants received menthol or non-menthol cigarettes. We conducted multivariable regression analyses to examine whether menthol preference moderated the effects of nicotine content on cigarettes per day (CPD), breath carbon monoxide (CO), urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE), urinary 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and abstinence.ResultsAt baseline, menthol smokers (n = 346) reported smoking fewer CPD (14.9 vs. 19.2) and had lower TNE (52.8 vs. 71.6 nmol/mg) and CO (17.7 vs. 20.5 ppm) levels than non-menthol smokers (n = 406; ps < .05). At week 20, significant interactions indicated that menthol smokers had smaller treatment effects than non-menthol smokers for CPD (-6.4 vs. -9.3), TNE (ratio of geometric means, 0.22 vs. 0.10) and CEMA (ratio, 0.56 vs. 0.37; ps < .05), and trended toward a smaller treatment effect for CO (-4.5 vs. -7.3 ppm; p = .06). Odds ratios for abstinence at week 20 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8 to 4.4) for menthol and 9.11 (95% CI = 3.3 to 25.2) for non-menthol VLNC smokers (p = .02) relative to the NNC condition.ConclusionsAlthough menthol smokers experienced reductions in smoking, toxicant exposure, and increases in quitting when using VLNC cigarettes, the magnitude of change was smaller than that observed for non-menthol smokers.ImplicationsResults of this analysis suggest that smokers of menthol cigarettes may respond to a nicotine reduction policy with smaller reductions in smoking rates and toxicant exposure than would smokers of non-menthol cigarettes

Identification of Crew-Systems Interactions and Decision Related Trends

NASA Vehicle System Safety Technology (VSST) project management uses systems analysis to identify key issues and maintain a portfolio of research leading to potential solutions to its three identified technical challenges. Statistical data and published safety priority lists from academic, industry and other government agencies were reviewed and analyzed by NASA Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) systems analysis personnel to identify issues and future research needs related to one of VSST's technical challenges, Crew Decision Making (CDM). The data examined in the study were obtained from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Aviation Accident and Incident Data System, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Accident/Incident Data System and the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). In addition, this report contains the results of a review of safety priority lists, information databases and other documented references pertaining to aviation crew systems issues and future research needs. The specific sources examined were: Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) Safety Enhancements Reserved for Future Implementation (SERFIs), Flight Deck Automation Issues (FDAI) and NTSB Most Wanted List and Open Recommendations. Various automation issues taxonomies and priority lists pertaining to human factors, automation and flight design were combined to create a list of automation issues related to CDM