The Melody of Living Water: Music Ministry and Holy Baptism

(Excerpt) And It came to pass, when Paul was at Corinth, he and certain disciples came upon a mob that was stoning an organist. And Paul said unto them, What then hath he done unto thee that his head should be bruised? And the people cried with one voice, He hath played too loud. Yea, in the singing of psalms, he maketh our heads to ring as if they were beaten with hammers. Behold, he sitteth up high in the loft, and mighty are the pipes and mighty is the noise thereof, and though there be few of us below, he nonetheless playeth with all the stops, the Assyrian trumpet stop and the stop of the ram\u27s hom and the stop that soundeth like the sawing of stone, and we cannot hear the words that cometh out of our own mouths. He / always tosseth in variations that confuse us mightily and he playeth loud an discordant and always in a militant tempo, so that we have not time to breathe as we sing. Lo, he is a plague upon the faith and should be chastised. Paul, hearing this, had himself picked up a small stone, and was about to cast it, but he set It down, and bade the organist come forward. He was a narrow man, pale of complexion, dry flaking, thin of hair. And Paul said unto him, Why hath thou so abused thy brethren? And the organist replied, I could not hear them singing from where I sat, and therefore played the louder so as to encourage them. And Paul turned round to the mob and said loudly, Let him who has never played an organ cast the first stone. And they cast stones for a while until their arms were tired and Paul bade the organist repent and he did. And Paul said unto him, Thou shalt take up the flute and play It for thirty days, to cleanse thy spirit, and afterwards they returned to Corinth and sang psalms unaccompanied and then had coffee and were refreshed in the faith

Christianity in the Early Medieval Period

This chapter explores several features of early medieval Christianity: the fall of the Roman Empire in the West and its restoration by the popes as the “Holy Roman Empire”; the further development of monasticism; and the evolution of the papacy. It examines some of the cultural contributions of this period and some of its major theological figures. The end of the ancient Roman Empire in the West was marked by great movements of peoples. On Christmas Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, who had already styled himself “king of the Franks and of the Lombards,” as “emperor of the Romans,” thereby restoring the Roman imperial title in the West, despite the strong disapproval of the Byzantines. Christian monasticism originated in the early Christian period after persecution ended and the Roman Empire became Christian. In the East, the emperor had authority over the patriarchs even to the point of calling councils and prescribing solutions to doctrinal

The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: First results from SCUBA-2 observations of the Cepheus Flare region

We present observations of the Cepheus Flare obtained as part of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Gould Belt Legacy Survey (GBLS) with the SCUBA-2 instrument. We produce a catalogue of sources found by SCUBA-2, and separate these into starless cores and protostars. We determine masses and densities for each of our sources, using source temperatures determined by the Herschel Gould Belt Survey. We compare the properties of starless cores in four different molecular clouds: L1147/58, L1172/74, L1251 and L1228. We find that the core mass functions for each region typically show shallower-than-Salpeter behaviour. We find that L1147/58 and L1228 have a high ratio of starless cores to Class II protostars, while L1251 and L1174 have a low ratio, consistent with the latter regions being more active sites of current star formation, while the former are forming stars less actively. We determine that if modelled as thermally supported Bonnor–Ebert spheres, most of our cores have stable configurations accessible to them. We estimate the external pressures on our cores using archival 13CO velocity dispersion measurements and find that our cores are typically pressure confined, rather than gravitationally bound. We perform a virial analysis on our cores, and find that they typically cannot be supported against collapse by internal thermal energy alone, due primarily to the measured external pressures. This suggests that the dominant mode of internal support in starless cores in the Cepheus Flare is either non-thermal motions or internal magnetic fields.ISSN:0035-8711ISSN:1365-2966ISSN:1365-871

The JCMT Gould Belt Survey : a first look at SCUBA-2 observations of the Lupus I molecular cloud

This paper presents observations of the Lupus I molecular cloud at 450 and 850 μm with Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA-2) as part of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Survey (JCMT GBS). Nine compact sources, assumed to be the discs of young stellar objects (YSOs), 12 extended protostellar, pre-stellar and starless cores, and one isolated, low-luminosity protostar, are detected in the region. Spectral energy distributions, including submillimetre fluxes, are produced for 15 YSOs, and each is fitted with the models of Robitaille et al. The proportion of Class 0/I protostars is higher than that seen in other Gould Belt regions such as Ophiuchus and Serpens. Circumstellar disc masses are calculated for more evolved sources, while protostellar envelope masses are calculated for protostars. Up to four very low luminosity objects are found; a large fraction when compared to other Spitzer c2d regions. One YSO has a disc mass greater than the minimum mass solar nebula. 12 starless/protostellar cores are detected by SCUBA-2 and their masses are calculated. The stability of these cores is examined using both the thermal Jeans mass and a turbulent virial mass when possible. Two cores in Lupus I are super-Jeans and contain no known YSOs. One of these cores has a virial parameter of 1.1 ± 0.4, and could therefore be pre-stellar. The high ratio of Class 0/I to Class III YSOs (1:1), and the presence of a pre-stellar core candidate, provides support for the hypothesis that a shock recently triggered star formation in Lupus I

The JCMT Gould Belt Survey : a first look at IC 5146

We present 450 and 850 μm submillimeter continuum observations of the IC 5146 star-forming region taken as part of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Survey. We investigate the location of bright submillimeter (clumped) emission with the larger-scale molecular cloud through comparison with extinction maps, and find that these denser structures correlate with higher cloud column density. Ninety-six individual submillimeter clumps are identified using FellWalker, and their physical properties are examined. These clumps are found to be relatively massive, ranging from 0.5 M⊙ to 116 M⊙ with a mean mass of 8 M⊙ and a median mass of 3.7 M⊙ . A stability analysis for the clumps suggests that the majority are (thermally) Jeans stable, with M/Mj < 1. We further compare the locations of known protostars with the observed submillimeter emission, finding that younger protostars, i.e., Class 0 and I sources, are strongly correlated with submillimeter peaks and that the clumps with protostars are among the most Jeans unstable. Finally, we contrast the evolutionary conditions in the two major star-forming regions within IC 5146: the young cluster associated with the Cocoon Nebula and the more distributed star formation associated with the Northern Streamer filaments. The Cocoon Nebula appears to have converted a higher fraction of its mass into dense clumps and protostars, the clumps are more likely to be Jeans unstable, and a larger fraction of these remaining clumps contain embedded protostars. The Northern Streamer, however, has a larger number of clumps in total and a larger fraction of the known protostars are still embedded within these clumps

From Clouds to Young Stellar Objects and back again: the all-in-one view from the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey

From diffuse interstellar cirrus to dense atomic and molecular clouds, from protostellar to post-AGB envelopes, from super-shells to supernovae remnants, the Herschel Hi-GAL survey offer an unprecedented snapshot of all the different phases of the Galactic ISM, its evolution and interactions. I will present early results on a variety of topics including the lifetime of massive pre-stellar phases, the fragmentation and collapse of extended structures, the timeline for massive star formation, dust properties in cirrus and molecular clouds