Armut und Handlungskompetenz: Expertise

Diese Kurzexpertise fasst empirische Befunde zur möglichen Existenz von wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Armut und Handlungskompetenzen zusammen, um Hinweise darauf zu erhalten, inwieweit Zustände und Erfahrungen von Einkommensarmut Handlungskompetenzen verändern und so die Überwindung von Armut erschweren. Beispielsweise erschwert Geldmangel aufgrund der damit verbundenen Sorgen und Zeitaufwände die Alltagsbewältigung teilweise so, dass andere wichtige Entscheidungen nicht optimal getroffen oder gar vernachlässigt werden. Zwar gibt es nur begrenzt Evidenz, dass Armut Handlungskompetenzen wie kognitives Vermögen, Zeit- oder Risikopräferenzen direkt verändert, jedoch dokumentieren verschiedene Studien einen Einfluss von Armut oder Ressourcenknappheit auf Entscheidungsqualität, geduldiges Verhalten oder Risikoverhalten. In seiner Gesamtheit zeigt die Evidenz an, dass die sozioökonomische Situation Einfluss auf die Ausschöpfung des Potenzials an vorhandenen Handlungskompetenzen hat. Darüber hinaus kann Armut über Mediatorvariablen, wie zum Beispiel Stress, Handlungskompetenzen beeinflussen. Ferner zeigen Interventionsstudien, dass Armut im Entwicklungsprozess von Handlungskompetenzen eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Es ergibt sich ein komplexes Bild von wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Armut und Handlungskompetenzen, das die Forschung noch nicht vollständig entschlüsselt hat. Dabei legt die empirische Evidenz wechselseitige Beziehungen jedoch nahe, in denen Armut Handlungskompetenzen beeinträchtigt, wodurch Armut wiederum verstärkt werden kann. Da Handlungskompetenz unbestritten Entscheidungsqualität, Bildungsinvestitionen und Arbeitsmarkterfolg determinieren, sind Maßnahmen zur Stärkung von Handlungskompetenzen ein geeignetes Instrument zur nachhaltigen Armutsbekämpfung, selbst wenn positive Rückkopplungen zwischen Armut und Handlungskompetenz schwach oder gar nicht existent sind. Die Kurzexpertise diskutiert deshalb kausale Evidenz von Interventionen die Handlungskompetenzen verändern, so dass es gelingen kann, erfolgreicher im Leben zu sein

Hydrothermal replacement of biogenic and abiogenic aragonite by Mg-carbonates – Relation between textural control on effective element fluxes and resulting carbonate phase

Dolomitization, i.e., the secondary replacement of calcite or aragonite (CaCO3) by dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2), is one of the most volumetrically important carbonate diagenetic processes. It occurs under near surface and shallow burial conditions and can significantly modify rock properties through changes in porosity and permeability. Dolomitization fronts are directly coupled to fluid pathways, which may be related to the initial porosity/permeability of the precursor limestone, an existing fault network or secondary porosity/permeability created through the replacement reaction. In this study, the textural control on the replacement of biogenic and abiogenic aragonite by Mg-carbonates, that are typical precursor phases in the dolomitization process, was experimentally studied under hydrothermal conditions. Aragonite samples with different textural and microstructural properties exhibiting a compact (inorganic aragonite single crystal), an intermediate (bivalve shell of Arctica islandica) and open porous structure (skeleton of coral Porites sp.) were reacted with a solution of 0.9 M MgCl2 and 0.015 M SrCl2 at 200 °C. The replacement of aragonite by a Ca-bearing magnesite and a Mg-Ca carbonate of non-stoichiometric dolomitic composition takes place via a dissolution-precipitation process and leads to the formation of a porous reaction front that progressively replaces the aragonite precursor. The reaction leads to the development of porosity within the reaction front and distinctive microstructures such as gaps and cavities at the reaction interface. The newly formed reaction rim consists of chemically distinct phases separated by sharp boundaries. It was found that the number of phases and their chemical variation decreases with increasing initial porosity and reactive surface area. This observation is explained by variations in effective element fluxes that result in differential chemical gradients in the fluid within the pore space of the reaction rim. Observed reaction rates are highest for the replacement of the initially highly porous coral and lowest for the compact structure of a single aragonite crystal. Therefore, the reaction progress equally depends on effective element fluxes between the fluid at the reaction interface and the bulk solution surrounding the test material as well as the reactive surface area. This study demonstrates that the textural and microstructural properties of the parent material have a significant influence on the chemical composition of the product phase. Moreover, our data highlight the importance of effective fluid-mediated element exchange between the fluid at the reaction interface and the bulk solution controlled by the local microstructure

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Cell sorting Data

Cell sorting FACS data.<i> Rattus norvegicus.</i

Phagocytosis Assay

pHrodo^TM<i>E.coli</i>-BioParticles. Phagocytosis activity FACS data. <i>Rattus norvegicus. </i

Proinflammatory Cytokines

IL-6 and TNF-a ELISA data. <i>Rattus norvegicus</i