Enjeux et impacts des barrages de Diama (Mauritanie) et Arzal (France) : des contextes socio-économiques et environnementaux différents pour de mêmes conséquences

The similar dams of Arzal (Vilaine, France) and Diama (Mauritania-Senegal frontier) have same strategic functions for the regions and countries where they are built as fresh waters storage. They also had similar consequences over the ecosystems and local and regional activities. The imperfect results of the belated remediations also had as disastrous induced effects and leave the populations and ecosystems in a fragile and vulnerable situation if confronted with any environmental (drought, flood…), socio-economical or political (relations between Mauritania and Senegal) crisis

High methylmercury in Arctic and subarctic ponds is related to nutrient levels in the warming eastern Canadian Arctic

Permafrost thaw ponds are ubiquitous in the eastern Canadian Arctic, yet little information exists on their potential as sources of methylmercury (MeHg) to freshwaters. They are microbially active and conducive to methylation of inorganic mercury, and are also affected by Arctic warming. This multiyear study investigated thaw ponds in a discontinuous permafrost region in the Subarctic taiga (Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui, QC) and a continuous permafrost region in the Arctic tundra (Bylot Island, NU). MeHg concentrations in thaw ponds were well above levels measured in most freshwater ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic (>0.1 ng L−1). On Bylot, ice-wedge trough ponds showed significantly higher MeHg (0.3−2.2 ng L−1) than polygonal ponds (0.1−0.3 ng L−1) or lakes (<0.1 ng L−1). High MeHg was measured in the bottom waters of Subarctic thaw ponds near Kuujjuarapik (0.1−3.1 ng L−1). High water MeHg concentrations in thaw ponds were strongly correlated with variables associated with high inputs of organic matter (DOC, a320, Fe), nutrients (TP, TN), and microbial activity (dissolved CO2 and CH4). Thawing permafrost due to Arctic warming will continue to release nutrients and organic carbon into these systems and increase ponding in some regions, likely stimulating higher water concentrations of MeHg. Greater hydrological connectivity from permafrost thawing may potentially increase transport of MeHg from thaw ponds to neighboring aquatic ecosystems

Histoire de l'hôpital Saint-André, de sa pharmacie et des apothicaires bordelais

Gerbouin O., Saux M. C., Jolivel C. Histoire de l'hôpital Saint-André, de sa pharmacie et des apothicaires bordelais. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 84ᵉ année, n°312, 1996. Actes du XXXIe Congrès International d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (Paris, 25-29 septembre 1995) pp. 113-118

Enjeux et impacts des barrages de Diama (Mauritanie) et Arzal (France) : des contextes socio-économiques et environnementaux différents pour de mêmes conséquences

International audienceThe similar dams of Arzal (Vilaine, France) and Diama (Mauritania-Senegal frontier) have same strategic functions for the regions and countries where they are built as fresh waters storage. They also had similar consequences over the ecosystems and local and regional activities.The imperfect results of the belated remediations also had as disastrous induced effects and leave the populations and ecosystems in a fragile and vulnerable situation if confronted with any environmental (drought, flood …), socio-economical or political (relations between Mauritania and Senegal) crisis.Les barrages d’Arzal sur la Vilaine (France) et de Diama sur le fleuve Sénégal à la frontière mauritano-sénégalaise, ont les mêmes fonctions principales, stratégiques pour les régions et pays où ils ont été bâtis, puisqu’ils permettent de constituer d’énormes réserves d’eaux douces en zones estuariennes, et ceci malgré des contextes environnementaux et socio-économiques très différents. S’ils ont favorisé l’émergence d’autres atouts, ils ont aussi eu des conséquences importantes sur les écosystèmes et les activités traditionnelles locales et régionales.Les actions de remédiation mises en oeuvre tardivement, et qui auraient sans doute pu être plus ambitieuses, ont eu des résultats mitigés dont les effets induits laissent les populations et les écosystèmes dans une situation de fragilité et de vulnérabilité face à toute crise environnementale (sécheresse, crue/inondation, etc.), socio-économique ou encore politique, comme on a pu le constater par exemple lorsque les relations mauritano-sénégalaises se sont dégradées

Enjeux et impacts des barrages de Diama (Mauritanie) et Arzal (France) : des contextes socio-économiques et environnementaux différents pour de mêmes conséquences

International audienceThe similar dams of Arzal (Vilaine, France) and Diama (Mauritania-Senegal frontier) have same strategic functions for the regions and countries where they are built as fresh waters storage. They also had similar consequences over the ecosystems and local and regional activities.The imperfect results of the belated remediations also had as disastrous induced effects and leave the populations and ecosystems in a fragile and vulnerable situation if confronted with any environmental (drought, flood …), socio-economical or political (relations between Mauritania and Senegal) crisis.Les barrages d’Arzal sur la Vilaine (France) et de Diama sur le fleuve Sénégal à la frontière mauritano-sénégalaise, ont les mêmes fonctions principales, stratégiques pour les régions et pays où ils ont été bâtis, puisqu’ils permettent de constituer d’énormes réserves d’eaux douces en zones estuariennes, et ceci malgré des contextes environnementaux et socio-économiques très différents. S’ils ont favorisé l’émergence d’autres atouts, ils ont aussi eu des conséquences importantes sur les écosystèmes et les activités traditionnelles locales et régionales.Les actions de remédiation mises en oeuvre tardivement, et qui auraient sans doute pu être plus ambitieuses, ont eu des résultats mitigés dont les effets induits laissent les populations et les écosystèmes dans une situation de fragilité et de vulnérabilité face à toute crise environnementale (sécheresse, crue/inondation, etc.), socio-économique ou encore politique, comme on a pu le constater par exemple lorsque les relations mauritano-sénégalaises se sont dégradées

Distribution and functional characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the brain of non-human primates.

International audienceThe distribution and density of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites have been investigated in the brain of the primates Jacchus callithrix (marmoset) and Macaca fascicularis (macaque) using [(125)I]-PACAP27 as a radioligand. PACAP binding sites were widely expressed in the brain of these two species with particularly high densities in the septum, hypothalamus and habenula. A moderate density of recognition sites was seen in all subdivisions of the cerebral cortex with a heterogenous distribution, the highest concentrations occurring in layers I and VI while the underlying white matter was almost devoid of binding sites. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed intense expression of the mRNAs encoding the short and hop-1 variants of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-specific receptor (PAC1-R) in the cortex of both marmoset and macaque, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 1 (VPAC1-R) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 2 (VPAC2-R) mRNAs were expressed at a much lower level. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed intense expression of PAC1-R and weak expression of VPAC1-R mRNAs in layer IV of the cerebral cortex. Incubation of cortical tissue slices with PACAP induced a dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP formation, indicating that PACAP binding sites correspond to functional receptors. Moreover, treatment of primate cortical slices with 100 nM PACAP significantly reduced the activity of caspase-3, a key enzyme of the apoptotic cascade. The present results indicate that PACAP should exert the same neuroprotective effect in the brain of primates as in rodents and suggest that PAC1-R agonists may have a therapeutic value to prevent neuronal cell death after stroke or in specific neurodegenerative diseases

Modulation of dendritic cell properties by laquinimod as a mechanism for modulating multiple sclerosis

Laquinimod is an orally administered compound that is under investigation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. To understand the mechanism by which laquinimod exerts its clinical effects, we have performed human and murine studies assessing its immunomodulatory properties. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the therapeutic administration of laquinimod beginning during the recovery of SJL mice, prevented further relapses as expected and strongly reduced infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that this beneficial effect was mediated by dendritic cells, since we and others found a modulation of different dendritic cell subsets under treatment. According to the findings on antigen-presenting cells in the murine system, we found a reduced capacity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells treated with therapeutic concentrations of laquinimod, upon maturation with lipopolysaccharide, to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, laquinimod treatment of mature dendritic cells resulted in a decreased chemokine production by both murine and human dendritic cells, associated with a decreased monocyte chemo-attraction. In laquinimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis we consistently found reduced chemokine and cytokine secretion by conventional CD1c+ dendritic cells upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Similarly to the animal model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, dendritic cell subsets were altered in patients upon laquinimod treatment, as the number of conventional CD1c+ and plasmacytoid CD303+ dendritic cells were decreased within peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, laquinimod treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis and mice modified the maturation of dendritic cells demonstrated by an upregulation of CD86 expression in vivo. Our data suggest that inhibition of the NF-{kappa}B pathway is responsible for the changes observed in dendritic cell maturation and functions. These findings indicate that laquinimod exhibits its disease-modulating activity in multiple sclerosis by downregulating immunogenicity of dendritic cell responses. We suggest that monitoring dendritic cell properties in multiple sclerosis should be implemented in future therapeutic trials