Interesi i korupcija

This paper analyses the connection of interests and corruption, especially corruption and political interests. It first considers the notion of interest, i.e. its meanings and significance, both for an individual and for a society. It presents the classification if interests by Albion Woodbury Small. A special emphasis is given to the encounter of different interests as the beginning of clash between humans. The paper analyses individual, special and general interests, as well as their relations. The paper also analyses two levels of conflict of interest: the conflict between public and private interest and the conflict between interests within the public offices. The relation of interests in society and politics is solved in the best way by adopting laws, i.e. by introducing the rule of law into political order. Without that the interest orientation of politicians can easily end up in abuse and illegality. In turn, abuses and illegalities open the possibilities for various kinds of corruptive acts.U radu se analizira povezanost interesa i korupcije, posebno korupcije i političkih interesa. Najpre, razmatra se pojam interesa, odnosno njegova značenja i značaj kako za pojedinca, tako i za društvo. Data je i klasifikacija interesa Albiona Vudberija Smola (Albion Woodbury Small). Posebno je istaknut susret različitih interesa sa kojim otpočinju sukobljavanja među ljudima. Analizirani su pojedinačni, posebni i opšiti interesi, kao i njihovi međusobni odnosi. Obrađena su i dva nivoa sukoba interesa: sukob javnog i privatnog interesa i sukob interesa u okviru javnih položaja. Odnos interesa u društvu i politici najbolje se rešava donošenjem zakona, odnosno uvođenjem vladavine prava u politički poredak. Bez toga interesna orijentisanost političara može lako da završi u zloupotrebama i nelegalnostima. Upravo iz zloupotreba i nelegalnosti otvaraju se mogućnosti za razne vrste koruptivnih radnji

Determinants and risk factors of exposing to femicide

Violence against women is becoming a very frequent problem of each society, and further on, it implies that all social strata are included, from the poor to the rich, like all environments from rural to urban ones. Although society tries to suppress violent behaviour towards women through legislative regulations through different institutions and non-governmental organisations, it does not become less violent. Extreme form of gender-based violence is represented in femicide which has death victims as the final outcome, i.e. women who were abused. Each kind of violence, including violence against women, represents a severe problem that demands necessary solutions and prevention. Nevertheless, femicide, due to its fatal consequences does not leave the possibility of solving it. For the purpose of better understanding of femicide, we are going, through the review of relevant reference, to understand better and determine what gender-based homicide of women means, as well as its forms and features. Although femicide is present in different societies and environments, there are factors that increase the risk of being exposed to this problem, so in the paper, we are going to determine which are the risk factors. Comparative analysis of statistical data about the femicide in the world and in Serbia, we are going to try to form an objective review about the presence of femicide. Special attention is going to be given to criminal law regulative in Serbia for suppressing and punishing women's homicide.Primenenie nasili] k `en\inam stanovits] vse bolee raspostranennoj problemoj lybogo ob\estva, ~to tak`e podrazumevaet, ~to v nego vkly~enw vse sloi ob\estva, ot bednwh do bogatwh i vse sloi naseleni], ot selxskih do gorodskih. Nesmotr] na to, ~to ob\estvo, s pomo\xy pravovwh norm, posredstvom dejstvij razli~nwh u~re`denij i nepravitelxstvennwh organizacij, stremits] podavitx agressivnoe povedenie po otno[eniy k `en\inam, ono, tem ne menee, ne oslabevaet. Krajnej formoj gendernogo nasili] ]vl]ets] femicid, kotorwj v kone~nom itoge privodit k smerti `ertvw ,t.e. `en\inw podvergnutoj nasiliy. Vse formw nasili], vkly~a] i nasilie v otno[enii `en\in, predstavl]yt soboj serxeznuy problemu, kotora] trebuet neobhodimogo re[eni] i predotvra\eni]. Odnako femicid, v silu svoih fatalxnwh posledstvij, ne predostavl]et mnogo vozmo`nostej dl] re[eni] problemw. ^tobw lu~[e pon]tx fenomen femicida, prosmotrev sootvetstvuy\uy literaturu, mw popwtaems] opredelitx, ~to takoe gendernoe ubijstvo `en\in, kakie ego tipw i formw. Nesmotr] na to, ~to femicid prisutstvuet v raznwh ob\estvah i sredah, vse `e su\estvuyt faktorw, povw[ay\ie risk vozdejstvi] toj problemw i potomu mw v nasto]\ej statxe popwtaetms] opredelitx faktorw riska . Putem stavnitelxnogo obzora statisti~eskih dannwh o femicide v Serbii, mw poprobuem datx obqektivnoe predstavlenie o ego rasprostranennosti . Osoboe vnimanie mw udelim normam ugolovnogo prava v Serbii v borxbe protiv gendernogo ubijstva `en\inw i nakazani] za nego.Nasilje nad ženama postaje sve učestaliji problem svakog društva, što dalje implicira da su obuhvaćeni svi slojevi društva, od siromašnih do bogatih, kao i sve sredine, od seoskih do urbanih. Iako društvo nastoji da pravnim regulativama, delovanjem različitih institucija i nevladinih organizacija suzbije nasilničko ponašanje prema ženama, ono ne jenjava. Ekstremni oblik rodno zasnovanog nasilja predstavlja femicid, koji kao krajnji ishod ima smrt žrtve - žene nad kojom je vršeno nasilje. Svaki oblik nasilja, pa i nasilja prema ženama, predstavlja ozbiljan problem koji iziskuje neophodno rešavanje i prevenciju. Međutim, zbog svojih fatalnih posledica femicid ne ostavlja mogućnost da se ovaj problem reši. Kako bismo bolje shvatili fenomen femicida, nastojaćemo da pregledom relevantne literature determinišemo šta predstavlja rodno zasnovano ubistvo žena, kao i njegove vrste i oblike. Iako je femicid zastupljen u različitim društvima i sredinama, ipak postoje faktori koji povećavaju rizik izloženosti ovom problemu, zbog čega ćemo u radu utvrditi koji su to faktori rizika. Komparativnim pregledom statističkih podataka o femicidu u svetu i u Srbiji pokušaćemo da stvorimo objektivan uvid o zastupljenosti femicida. Posebnu pažnju posvetićemo krivičnopravnim regulativama u Srbiji u suzbijanju i kažnjavanju počinjenih ubistava žena

Uticaj tradicije na formiranje koruptivnog obrasca ponašanja u Srbiji

The subject of this doctoral dissertation is the influence of tradition on forming the pattern of corruptive behaviour in Serbia. The first part of dissertation contains the analysis of tradition, cultural tradition, and relation of tradition and culture. It also contains the examples of how has corruption in Serbian past originated, sustained and penetrated institutions, i.e. institutional system of Serbia’s newly formed statehood after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire. This part then continues with analysing the presence of corruption in folk customs and ethnological records, as well as of its descriptions in literature (stories, tales, novels, dramas, puzzles, proverbs and aphorisms). Corruption in anthropological, ethno-psychological and characterological studies in Serbia was especially analysed. The first part provides an overview of typologies of corruptive acts by leading foreign and Serbian scholars of corruption, which led to providing own typology. The dissertation also analyses the institutions susceptible to corruption. Content analysis was used in the first part, as well as the comparative method in presenting previous international and Serbian research of corruption. The empirical part had the application of qualitative method. The second part contains qualitative empirical research conducted through the semi-structured interview method. The research encompassed the following professions: judges, police officers, medical doctors, professors, as well as citizens of various professions. The results show that tradition is still deeply rooted in Serbia, both in its positive and negative expressions. The research confirmed that institutions in Serbia are still under strong influence of traditional patterns, in this case those patterns which according to messages recommend, maintain and develop corruption. The results of the research confirmed the hypotheses, as well as the findings acquired through the analysis of both the literature and scientific research in anthropology, ethology, ethno-psychology and characterologyPredmet ove doktorske disertacije je uticaj tradicije na formiranje koruptivnog obrasca ponašanja u Srbiji. U prvom delu rada analizom je obrađena tradicija, kulturna tradicija i odnos tradicije prema korupciji. Navedeni su primeri kako je korupcija u prošlosti u Srbiji nastala, opstajala i prodrla u institucije, odnosno institucionalni sistem u novoformiranoj državnosti u Srbiji posle oslobađanja od Otomanske imperije. Potom je analizirano prisustvo korupcije u narodnim običajima i etnološkim zapisima, kao i kako je korupcija opisana u književnim delima (pričama, pripovetkama, romanima, dramama, zagonetkama, poslovicama i aforizmima). Posebno je analizirana korupcija u antropološkim, etnopsihološkim i karakterološkim studijama u Srbiji. Predočen je i pregled tipologija koruptivnih dela najpoznatijih svetskih i naših istraživača korupcije i na osnovu toga ponuđena sopstvena tipologija. U radu su obrađene i institucije podložne korupciji. U prvom delu rada primenjena je analiza sadržaja, a u prikazu dosadašnjih istraživanja korupcije u svetu i Srbiji komparativna metoda. U empirijskom delu primenjena je kvalitativna metoda. U drugom delu rada prikazano je empirijsko istraživanje obavljeno pomoću tehnike polustrukturiranog intervjua, odnosno obavljeno je kvalitativno istraživanje. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćene sledeće profesije: sudije, policajci, lekari, profesori, kao i građani različitih zanimanja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u Srbiji još duboko ukorenjena tradicija, i u pozitivnom i u negativnom ispoljavanju. Istraživanje je potvrdilo i da su institucije u Srbiji još pod jakim uticajem tradicionalnih obrazaca, u ovom slučaju obrazaca koji na osnovu poruka preporučuju, održavaju i razvijaju korupciju. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su hipoteze, kao i nalaze dobijene na ii osnovu analize književnih dela i naučnih istraživanja u okviru antropologije, etnologije, entopsihologije i karakterologij

The influence of tradition on forming the pattern of corruptive behaviour in Serbia

Предмет ове докторске дисертације је утицај традиције на формирање коруптивног обрасца понашања у Србији. У првом делу рада анализом је обрађена традиција, културна традиција и однос традиције према корупцији. Наведени су примери како је корупција у прошлости у Србији настала, опстајала и продрла у институције, односно институционални систем у новоформираној државности у Србији после ослобађања од Отоманске империје. Потом је анализирано присуство корупције у народним обичајима и етнолошким записима, као и како је корупција описана у књижевним делима (причама, приповеткама, романима, драмама, загонеткама, пословицама и афоризмима). Посебно је анализирана корупција у антрополошким, етнопсихолошким и карактеролошким студијама у Србији. Предочен је и преглед типологија коруптивних дела најпознатијих светских и наших истраживача корупције и на основу тога понуђена сопствена типологија. У раду су обрађене и институције подложне корупцији. У првом делу рада примењена је анализа садржаја, а у приказу досадашњих истраживањa корупције у свету и Србији компаративна метода. У емпиријском делу примењена је квалитативна метода. У другом делу рада приказано је емпиријско истраживање обављено помоћу технике полуструктурираног интервјуа, односно обављено је квалитативно истраживање. Истраживањем су обухваћене следеће професије: судије, полицајци, лекари, професори, као и грађани различитих занимања. Резултати истраживања показују да је у Србији још дубоко укорењена традиција, и у позитивном и у негативном испољавању. Истраживање је потврдило и да су институције у Србији још под јаким утицајем традиционалних образаца, у овом случају образаца који на основу порука препоручују, одржавају и развијају корупцију. Резултати истраживања потврдили су хипотезе, као и налазе добијене на ii основу анализе књижевних дела и научних истраживања у оквиру антропологије, етнологије, ентопсихологије и карактерологијеThe subject of this doctoral dissertation is the influence of tradition on forming the pattern of corruptive behaviour in Serbia. The first part of dissertation contains the analysis of tradition, cultural tradition, and relation of tradition and culture. It also contains the examples of how has corruption in Serbian past originated, sustained and penetrated institutions, i.e. institutional system of Serbia’s newly formed statehood after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire. This part then continues with analysing the presence of corruption in folk customs and ethnological records, as well as of its descriptions in literature (stories, tales, novels, dramas, puzzles, proverbs and aphorisms). Corruption in anthropological, ethno-psychological and characterological studies in Serbia was especially analysed. The first part provides an overview of typologies of corruptive acts by leading foreign and Serbian scholars of corruption, which led to providing own typology. The dissertation also analyses the institutions susceptible to corruption. Content analysis was used in the first part, as well as the comparative method in presenting previous international and Serbian research of corruption. The empirical part had the application of qualitative method. The second part contains qualitative empirical research conducted through the semi-structured interview method. The research encompassed the following professions: judges, police officers, medical doctors, professors, as well as citizens of various professions. The results show that tradition is still deeply rooted in Serbia, both in its positive and negative expressions. The research confirmed that institutions in Serbia are still under strong influence of traditional patterns, in this case those patterns which according to messages recommend, maintain and develop corruption. The results of the research confirmed the hypotheses, as well as the findings acquired through the analysis of both the literature and scientific research in anthropology, ethology, ethno-psychology and characterolog

Identity and statehood - A Contribution to Resolving the Identity Issues and Problems in Multiethnic and Multireligious States

The ‘I’ identity is the fundamental and essential human identity. It is surrounded by numerous ‘we’ identities. An individual’s identity is networked into group, i.e. collective identities. The networking of identities shows the depth of a person. It is essential that the ‘I’ identity is not cancelled by group identities. If ‘we’ is imposed over ‘I’, а person vanishes and becomes personless. Group, collective identities most often open problems and conflicts due to ideological action. When ideology interferes into identity, individual identities within a group are being cancelled, while the other group identities are being put in question. The ideologization of collective identities initiates intolerance towards all those who do not belong to our group. Intolerance-cum-exclusion leads to enmity and conflict. It is through the ideologisation of identity that prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination of others and the different are imposed. All those in my group who think differently are traitors, while all members of other groups are enemies. This is how the ‘friend and enemy’ pattern is established in the political field of state and society. The exit from this situation is the establishment of statehood identity within the state, under which all citizens – regardless of their ethnic and other identities – would be perceived in their collective identity of citizens. This, however, should not jeopardize their particular identities. Particular identities would belong to their privacy and should as such be legally guaranteed. Over time, a pattern of trust and respect would be established between different particular identities. Such approach to identity would preserve differences, but also find a similarity which would connect them within the state and society, thus bringing safety, stability, and normality into societal and political life

Tweeting in open public space : case study Belgrade

Public spaces represent essential elements of vibrant, inclusive, and smart cities. Being attractive, safe, comfortable, active and sociable, open public spaces play the main role in revitalizing communities, supporting their sense of identity and culture and triggering their economic development. Considering the current trends and demands in design and use of open public spaces, the role of ICT becomes more important. This paper will present and analyze the connections which are established and intensified between users and open spaces via online social networks. The emphasis will be on Twitter which currently has around 300 million active users. The case study is a network of several open public spaces placed in the historical urban core of Belgrade. The analyzed network presents one of the most attractive and important urban route for pedestrians with the squares as nodes. The method that was used in analysis is the method of mapping users on the social maps (via social networks) and through the other ICT tools. It was based on a new software application – Twitter search engine – developed at the University of Nis, Faculty of Electronic engineering, during the PhD course “Advanced topics in data and knowledge engineering”. The aim was measuring the concentrations of users in open public spaces. The obtained results have enabled the determination of the image of the open public spaces perceived by the users, as well as the intensity of users and tweets through the social networks, with the aim to measure the quality of open public spaces and concentration of users. This research has indicated the potential of the analyzed area for the formation of transverse and longitudinal pedestrian flows. On the one hand they could enable active use of a selected segment of the network as one of the most important urban pedestrian route of the city, as well as to improve the image of it.Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union.peer-reviewe