Evaluación de un lecho filtrante, utilizando mesocarpo de coco (cocos nucifera), para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de la Empacadora de Banano Algarrobo 1, Sullana 2015

El presente estudio evalúa el rendimiento de un lecho filtrante, utilizando mesocarpo de coco (cocos nucifera), para el tratamiento de aguas residuales en la Empacadora de Banano Algarrobo 1, en la ciudad de Sullana. Se instalaron 2 modelos de filtros; el Filtro N°01 compuesto por grava ¼, mesocarpo de coco, carbón vegetal y grava ¼ y el Filtro N°02 compuesto por grava ¼, dos capas de mesocarpo de coco y carbón vegetal; con la finalidad de medir la reducción y variación de los siguientes parámetros: DBO, PH, SST, Coliformes Totales y Termotolerantes y E. Coli, obteniendo como resultados lo siguiente: La DBO en la entrada de los filtros: 237.60 mg/L, en la salida del Filtro N° 01: 49.50 mg/L y del Filtro N°02: 79.20 mg/L; con un porcentaje de remoción de 79.17% y 66.67% respectivamente. El pH en la entrada de los filtros: 6.8, en la salida del Filtro N° 01: 6.5 y del Filtro N°02: 6.3; con una variación de -0.3% y -0.5% respectivamente. Los SST en la entrada de los filtros: 0.8 ml/L, en la salida del Filtro N° 01: 10.0 ml/L y del Filtro N°02: 12.0 ml/L; con un porcentaje de remoción de -25% y -50% respectivamente. Los Coliformes Totales y Termotolerantes en la entrada de los filtros: 3500 NMP/100ml, en la salida del Filtro N° 01: 5400 NMP/100ml y del Filtro N°02: 2400 NMP/100ml; con un porcentaje de remoción de – 54.29% y 31.43 % respectivamente. E. Coli en la entrada de los filtros: 14 NMP/100ml, en la salida del Filtro N° 01: 20 NMP/100ml y del Filtro N°02: 20 NMP/100ml; con un porcentaje de remoción de -42.86% para ambos filtros. Estos valores demostraron que el lecho filtrante utilizando mesocarpo de coco, reduce la contaminación de aguas residuales.Tesi

Evolution of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in the Air: What Changed after Five Lockdown Weeks at a Southwest Atlantic European Region (Northwest of Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic?

[Abstract] Due to the exponential growth of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Spain (2020), the Spanish Government adopted lockdown measures as mitigating strategies to reduce the spread of the pandemic from 14 March. In this paper, we report the results of the change in air quality at two Atlantic Coastal European cities (Northwest Spain) during five lockdown weeks. The temporal evolution of gaseous (nitrogen oxides, comprising NOₓ, NO, and NO₂; sulfur dioxide, SO₂; carbon monoxide, CO; and ozone, O₃) and particulate matter (PM₁₀; PM₂․₅; and equivalent black carbon, eBC) pollutants were recorded before (7 February to 13 March 2020) and during the first five lockdown weeks (14 March to 20 April 2020) at seven air quality monitoring stations (urban background, traffic, and industrial) in the cities of A Coruña and Vigo. The influences of the backward trajectories and meteorological parameters on air pollutant concentrations were considered during the studied period. The temporal trends indicate that the concentrations of almost all species steadily decreased during the lockdown period with statistical significance, with respect to the pre-lockdown period. In this context, great reductions were observed for pollutants related mainly to fossil fuel combustion, road traffic, and shipping emissions (−38 to −78% for NO, −22 to −69% for NO₂, −26 to −75% for NOₓ, −3 to −77% for SO₂, −21% for CO, −25 to −49% for PM₁₀, −10 to −38% for PM₂․₅, and −29 to −51% for eBC). Conversely, O₃ concentrations increased from +5 to +16%. Finally, pollutant concentration data for 14 March to 20 April of 2020 were compared with those of the previous two years. The results show that the overall air pollutants levels were higher during 2018–2019 than during the lockdown period.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, ref: RTI 2018-101116-B-I00), Xunta de Galicia (Programa de Consolidación y Estructuración de Unidades de Investigación Competitivas ref: ED431C 2017/28-2017-2020) and FEDER-MINECO (UNLC15-DE-3097, financed together (80/20%) with Xunta de Galicia). Joel Sánchez-Piñero acknowledges the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Social Fund-ESF) for a predoctoral grant (ED481A-2018/164). María Fernández-Amado acknowledges the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PTA2017-13607-I)

Development and Validation of a Multi-Pollutant Method for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Synthetic Musk Compounds and Plasticizers in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅)

[Abstract] Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) associated pollutants is a global concern due to the risk posed in human health after inhalation. In this study, a simple and sensitive multi-residue method is developed for the analysis of 50 organic pollutants, comprising 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 12 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols in PM₂.₅ samples. The method consists of three cycles of ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction and vortex (UASE + vortex), followed by a vortex-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up and a final determination step by using programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). Experimental conditions concerning clean-up adsorbents (alumina, silica gel and Florisil®) and filters (glass fibre, PTFE and nylon), as well as PTV-GC-MS/MS conditions were studied. In addition, the use of SRM (selected reaction monitoring) mode in MS-MS, as well as matrix-matched calibration together with labelled subrogate standards, resulted in successfully validation results for most of the compounds due to the high sensitivity, minimization of matrix effects and recovering losses compensation. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification (LODs and LOQs), analytical recoveries by analysing a spiked composite sample (PM₂.₅) at three spiking levels and intra-day and inter-day precision. Moreover, an urban particulate matter standard reference material (SRM 1648a) was analysed to assess PAHs determination accuracy. Furthermore, applicability of the method was proved by analysing 12 PM₂.₅ samples from an industrial area. Among all studied pollutants, bisphenol A (BPA) was the most predominant with an average concentration of 5000 pg m⁻³, followed by bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthtalate (DiBP) with 1990 pg m⁻³ and 632 pg m⁻³, respectively. Concerning OPFRs, average concentrations between 345 – 253 pg m⁻³ were found for triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). Finally, the highest PAHs levels were found for 5-6 ring-number PAHs (Σ5-6 rings PAHs) with an average concentration of 2680 pg m⁻³, while only 2 SMCs were quantitated accounting for 17.5 pg m⁻³ by average.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, ref: RTI 2018-101116-B-I00) and the Xunta de Galicia (Programa de Consolidación y Estructuración de Unidades de Investigación Competitivas ref: ED431C 2017/28-2017-2020). Joel Sánchez-Piñero acknowledges the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) for a predoctoral grant (ED481A-2018/164). The Laboratorio de Medio Ambiente de Galicia (LMAG) of the Subdirección Xeral de Meteoroloxía e Cambio Climático (Xunta de Galicia) is also acknowledged for providing the samples used in the present research workXunta de Galicia; ED431C 2017/28-2017-2020Xunta de Galicia; ED481A-2018/16

Design of quantum algorithms and circuits

Trabajo de Fin de Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Facultad de Informática UCM, Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, Curso 2019/2020Últimamente se están haciendo muchos avances en el campo de la computación cuántica, algunas grandes empresas como Google, IBM o Microsoft han comenzado la carrera por el control de la computación cuántica poniendo a disposición de los usuarios las herramientas para desarrollar circuitos y algoritmos como Cirq o Qiskit. Es por esta razón que en este trabajo se explican los conceptos básicos y la implementación de algoritmos cuánticos, en concreto, el algoritmo de Shor, el algoritmo de Deutsch-Jozsa, el algoritmo Bernstein-Vazirani, y el algoritmo de Grover.Much progress has recently been made in the field of quantum computing. Some big companies, such as Google, IBM, or Microsoft, have started the fight to control the quantum computer market and have provided users with the tools to develop schemes and algorithms such as Cirq or Qiskit. For this reason, this project explains the basic concepts and applications of quantum algorithms, as the Shor algorithm, the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm and Grover algorithm.Depto. de Arquitectura de Computadores y AutomáticaFac. de InformáticaTRUEunpu

IMPORTACIÓN DIRECTA DE VEHÍCULOS LIVIANOS DE ESTADOS UNIDOS PARA SU COMERCIALIZACIÓN A TRAVÉS DE LA EMPRESA RENT A CAR, CHICLAYO

La investigación busca identificar las oportunidades que se tendría en la comercialización de vehículos livianos importados de Estados Unidos, sean nuevos o usados, todo dependerá de lo que indiquen las normas nacionales y sin incurrir en faltas administrativas o legales que encarezcan una operación de importación. Además, el objetivo es comercializar estos vehículos de manera directa con el cliente o con las empresas clientes interesadas en participar de una importación directa. En esta Investigación se ha utilizado el método analítico y es un tipo de estudio descriptivo. El mercado de Estados Unidos, hoy en día tiene sus ventajas y desventajas como todos si se lo quiere elegir como un país proveedor de vehículos, y se realizará el análisis correspondiente para determinar también si cumple con las exigencias de beneficio y rentabilidad de la empresa que realizará la importación directa, en este caso será la empresa Rent a Car

Anticipating where are unknown aquatic insects in Europe to improve biodiversity conservation

Aim: Understanding biodiversity patterns is crucial for prioritizing future conservation efforts and reducing the current rates of biodiversity loss. However, a large proportion of species remain undescribed (i.e. unknown biodiversity), hindering our ability to conduct this task. This phenomenon, known as the ‘Linnean shortfall’, is especially relevant in highly diverse, yet endangered, taxonomic groups, such as insects. Here we explore the distributions of recently described freshwater insect species in Europe to (1) infer the potential location of unknown biodiversity hotspots and (2) determine the variables that can anticipate the distribution of unknown biodiversity. Location: The European continent, including western Russia, Cyprus and Turkey. Methods: Georeferenced information of all sites where new aquatic insect species were described across Europe from 2000 to 2020 was compiled. In order to understand the observed spatial patterns in richness of recently described species, spatial units were defined (level 6 of HydroBASINS) and associated with a combination of a set of socioeconomic, environmental and sampling effort descriptors. A zero-inflated Poisson regression approach was used to model the richness of newly described species within each spatial unit. Results: Nine hundred and sixty-six recently described species were found: 398 Diptera, 362 Trichoptera, 105 Coleoptera, 66 Plecoptera, 28 Ephemeroptera, 3 Neuroptera, 2 Lepidoptera and 2 Odonata. The Mediterranean Basin was the region with the highest number of recently described species (74%). The richness of recently described species per spatial unit across Europe was highest at mid-elevation areas (between 400 and 1000 m), latitudes between 40 and 50° and in areas with yearly average precipitation levels of 500–1000 mm, a medium intensity of sampling effort and low population density. The percentage of protected areas in each study unit was not significantly related to the richness of recently described species. In fact, 70% of the species were found outside protected areas. Main conclusions: The results highlight the urgent need to concentrate conservation efforts in freshwater ecosystems located at mid-altitude areas and out of protected areas across the Mediterranean Basin. The highest number of newly described species in those areas indicates that further monitoring efforts are required to ensure the aquatic biodiversity is adequately known and managed within a context of growing human impacts in freshwater ecosystems.Generalitat de Catalunya 2017SGR1643Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TED2021-130328B-I00, RYC2019-027446-

Implications of the regulation in the implantation process of next generation networks in Spain: analysis in rural versus urban regions

Producción CientíficaA regulatory regime is dynamic and adapts to all aspects of market evolution: infrastructure development, service catalogue, delivery conditions, market shares of operators and opportunities provided by technology. The present article analyses implications of the regulation of next generation networks (NGN) in two well differentiated areas in Spain: rural versus urban. Regulation will be applied to fixed networks and broadband Internet access services provided with them, and, within fixed networks, those that have come into existence as a result of access network technologies based on fiber optics. The results can serve as a reference for obtaining a better overview and reaching conclusions regarding what has been a global action over the current period in time for the electronic communications market within the European Union. The conclusions speak of a successful model because objectives to date (2017) are being reached, except for the purely economic aspect of return on investments. A long-term time frame is expected to be in place until 2023. With regard to the future, regulation must continue to address issues that were not issues initially, but which have become fundamental and have begun to be addressed: geographical discrimination, fiber loop unbundling, new wholesale prices resulting from adapting reference offers, and greater control of retail services. As a case of study, this article discusses what is happening in the province of Soria, where there are large uninhabited areas with a high percentage of the territory where the broadband infrastructure is very limited. This situation is opposed in the urban areas where the deployment of new NGN is moving forward quickly.Esta investigación ha sido parcialmente soportada por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (de España); el Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), de Portugal; y con financiación nacional de FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia a través del proyecto UID/EEA/50008/201

Anticipating where are unknown aquatic insects in Europe to improve biodiversity conservation

Understanding biodiversity patterns is crucial for prioritizing future conservation efforts and reducing the current rates of biodiversity loss. However, a large proportion of species remain undescribed (i.e. unknown biodiversity), hindering our ability to conduct this task. This phenomenon, known as the ‘Linnean shortfall’, is especially relevant in highly diverse, yet endangered, taxonomic groups, such as insects. Here we explore the distributions of recently described freshwater insect species in Europe to (1) infer the potential location of unknown biodiversity hotspots and (2) determine the variables that can anticipate the distribution of unknown biodiversity.This research was carried out in the FEHM-Lab (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management) research group funded by the ‘Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca’ (AGAUR) at the ‘Generalitat de Catalunya’ (2017SGR1643), and it has also been partially supported by the ‘Digit_Artro’ project (‘Hacia la conservación de artópodes ibéricos usando herramientas digi-tales’) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (TED2021-130328B-I00). DSF is funded by a postdoctoral con-tract from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ramón y Cajal program; RYC2019-027446-I). PP and VP were supported by the P505-20- 17305S grant.S

Informe iberoamericano 2020 de relaciones intergubernamentales

Este primer Informe Iberoamericano 2020 de Relaciones Intergubernamentales ha coincidido en el tiempo con las intensas y generalizadas necesidades de cooperación intergubernamental provocadas por la pandemia de la Covid-19 desde el primer trimestre del año 2020. Como afirman Brosio, Jiménez y Ruelas, tras la irrupción de esta crisis sanitaria, “existe una necesidad de fortalecer la coordinación en los sistemas fiscales intergubernamentales y el papel de los gobiernos intermedios y locales para afrontar el impacto de la pandemia en la economía y el bienestar de los hogares más pobres”. Principalmente en el ámbito sanitario, pero también en materia de servicios sociales, hacienda, educación, transportes o seguridad interior, los Estados iberoamericanos han sido puestos a prueba y llevados al límite de la gestión intergubernamental y la sostenibilidad financiera, en muchos casos bajo la vigencia de estados de alarma o emergencia sanitaria. Incluso la función constitucional de control parlamentario sobre los respectivos gobiernos y sus relaciones se ha visto muy limitada por la menor actividad de las asambleas legislativas, tanto las consideradas de representación popular como las calificadas de representación territorial