Network Code Design for Orthogonal Two-hop Network with Broadcasting Relay: A Joint Source-Channel-Network Coding Approach

This paper addresses network code design for robust transmission of sources over an orthogonal two-hop wireless network with a broadcasting relay. The network consists of multiple sources and destinations in which each destination, benefiting the relay signal, intends to decode a subset of the sources. Two special instances of this network are orthogonal broadcast relay channel and the orthogonal multiple access relay channel. The focus is on complexity constrained scenarios, e.g., for wireless sensor networks, where channel coding is practically imperfect. Taking a source-channel and network coding approach, we design the network code (mapping) at the relay such that the average reconstruction distortion at the destinations is minimized. To this end, by decomposing the distortion into its components, an efficient design algorithm is proposed. The resulting network code is nonlinear and substantially outperforms the best performing linear network code. A motivating formulation of a family of structured nonlinear network codes is also presented. Numerical results and comparison with linear network coding at the relay and the corresponding distortion-power bound demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes and a promising research direction.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, Submited to IEEE Transaction on Communicatio

Access Policy Design for Cognitive Secondary Users under a Primary Type-I HARQ Process

In this paper, an underlay cognitive radio network that consists of an arbitrary number of secondary users (SU) is considered, in which the primary user (PU) employs Type-I Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ). Exploiting the redundancy in PU retransmissions, each SU receiver applies forward interference cancelation to remove a successfully decoded PU message in the subsequent PU retransmissions. The knowledge of the PU message state at the SU receivers and the ACK/NACK message from the PU receiver are sent back to the transmitters. With this approach and using a Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP) model and Constrained Multi-agent MDP (CMMDP), centralized and decentralized optimum access policies for SUs are proposed to maximize their average sum throughput under a PU throughput constraint. In the decentralized case, the channel access decision of each SU is unknown to the other SU. Numerical results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed policies in terms of sum throughput of SUs. The results also reveal that the centralized access policy design outperforms the decentralized design especially when the PU can tolerate a low average long term throughput. Finally, the difficulties in decentralized access policy design with partial state information are discussed

STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 107PK/PDT/2001 TENTANG PEMBERIAN NAFKAH KEPADA MANTAN ISTRI PASCA PERCERAIAN

Fakultas Hukum Universitas Syiah Kuala (iv,52) pp.,bibl.,app.,ABSTRAK( Ishak, S.H., M.H.)Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 107PK/PDT/2001 Tentang nafkah kepada mantan istri pasca perceraian, hakim menolak permohonan peninjauan kembali pemohon atas putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Barat yang menghukum permohon peninjauan kembali (mantan suami/dahulu tergugat) untuk menafkahi mantan istrinya sampai mantan istri menikah lagi. Dalam pertimbangan hukum, hakim mahkamah agung menggunakan PP No. 9 Tahun 1975 Pasal 24 ayat (2) butir a, yaitu selama berlangsungnya gugatan perceraian atas penggugat atau tergugat, pengadilan dapat menentukan nafkah yang harus ditanggung suami dan hakim peninjauan kembali menganggap putusan pengadilan negeri telah sesuai dengan yang diamanatkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.Penulisan studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 107PK/PDT/2001 yang membebankan pemohon peninjauan kembali membayar nafkah pada mantan istri pasca perceraian dan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Mahkamah Agung Nomor 107PK/PDT/2001 sesuai atau tidak sesuai dengan asas kepastian hukum dan asas keadilan.Penelitian ini menggunakan studi kasus, yaitu Putusan Mahkamah Agung nomor 107PK/PDT/2001. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah membaca dan memahami kasus, serta melakukan serangkaian analisis atas putusan tersebut sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, yurisprudensi dan pendapat para ahli.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menurut pertimbangan hakim mahkamah agung, pengajuan peninjauan kembali tidak beralasan menurut hukum dan putusan pengadilan negeri sudah sesuai dengan PP No. 9 Tahun 1975. Berdasarkan analisis penulis, putusan Peninjauan Kembali Mahkamah Agung Nomor 107/PK/PDT/2001 sudah memenuhi alasan pengajuan peninjauan kembali sesuai dengan Perma No. 1 Tahun 1982,karena putusan pengadilan negeri bertentangan dengan asas hukum acara perdata hakim bersifat pasif, maksud PP No.9 Tahun 1975 dan bertentangan dengan yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung RI putusan No.233/PK/PDT/1991, Putusan No.2831 K/PDT/1996 dan Putusan No.3182 K/PDT/1994 sehingga tidak terpenuhi asas kepastian hukum. Tidak terpenuhinya asas kepastian hukum menjadi alasan bahwa tidak terpenuhinya asas keadilan dan pemberian nafkah kepada mantan istri sampai menikah lagi dianggap tidak adil karena memberatkan pihak pemohon peninjauan kembali,.Disarankan agar hakim dalam memberikan putusannya didasarkan atas asas kepastian hukum dan asas keadilan secara seimbang dan harmonis, agar tercipta keadilan pada kedua belah pihak

Finite Element Modeling of Active and Passive Behavior of the Human Tibialis Anterior: A Preliminary Approach

This research project serves as exploratory work in the field of computational human biomechanics. A connection between muscular force and intramuscular pressure (IMP) has been uncovered that could prove invaluable in medical diagnostics as a method to circumvent the use of electromyography. Preliminary finite element simulations were conducted to model the human tibialis anterior muscle in passive lengthening and active contraction. These simulations, totaling over 50 unique runs, utilized a novel constitutive model developed within the IMP research group. Volumetric strain, reaction forces, and pressure gradients were compared to data acquired from ongoing in vivo human experiments. A mechanism for passive stretching and active contraction was theorized, with the aponeuroses bearing the majority of the load due to their high stiffness. Though the model will require future iterations to make adjustments, several promising conclusions were drawn during analysis. Fluid pressure distributions mimic those of the volumetric strain, and provide a better prediction of IMP than hydrostatic pressure. Reaction forces and pressure readings can be iterated to a reasonable level of accuracy. A thorough list of recommendations was compiled in order to guide the future direction of the model. Fluid pressures for the active contractile simulations were higher than the expected IMP values, likely owing to the stiffness of the aponeuroses being greater than necessary. Several options for addressing this issue were proposed, such as decreased aponeurosis length and graduated thickness and stiffness of the elements in the extremes of the parts

Trace Element Levels of Human Fluids and Tissues for Iraqi Individuals.

Trace element levels (B, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Cd) in environmental (water and cigarette tobacco) and biological (tear drop, saliva, scalp hair and fingernail) samples collected from Iraqi individuals resident in Karbala (Iraq) and London (UK) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Multi-element analysis was carried out on drinking (commercial, domestic bottled and tap) and irrigation (river, artesian and well) water samples. It was found that most trace element levels (ug/1) were lower than the permissible guidelines for drinking water recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Iraqi government. The only exceptions were for B in artesian and well waters; and Cd in river, artesian and well waters. The highest levels in drinking and irrigation waters were found for Sr when compared with other trace elements. Trace element levels in tap water from Karbala were higher than those from London. The levels of trace elements in cigarette tobacco were found to be at higher to lower levels through the following sequence: Fe > Mn > Sr > Zn > Cu > As > Cd > Cr > V. Moreover, multi-element analysis was undertaken for tear drop, saliva, washed scalp hair and fingernail samples for Iraqi individuals from Karbala (Iraq) and London (UK). Discriminant analysis suggested that Sr, Mn, B, V, As, Cd and Zn levels could be used to discriminate between healthy and diabetic populations (83% of cases correctly classified). Higher trace element levels were found in the tear drop, saliva, scalp hair and fingernail samples from Karbala than those from London. The influence of various factors (health status, gender and smoking activity) and covariates (individual’s age and drinking water) on elemental levels in tear drops was investigated using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Significant differences (at P < 0. 05) were found between the healthy and diabetic individuals for B, Mn and Sr; males and females in terms of the levels of Fe; and smokers and non-smokers for Cd. Trace element levels in drinking water were found to have significant effects on the levels of V, Mn and Sr, whilst an individual’s age has a significant effect in terms of Zn and As. Interelement interactions were evaluated for each pair of trace elements in tear drops, and between tear drops and saliva, washed scalp hair and fingernails. There were 32 and 27 statistically significant correlations of the total 45 tested using tear drops from healthy and diabetic individuals, respectively. Similar results were observed for saliva, washed scalp hair and fingernails in terms of residential location, health status and inter-element interactions. The use of tear drops as a potential biomarker for assessing human health status has been evaluated using several studies in this research, namely; drinking water analysis, smoking activity and type 2 diabetes

Effect of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) powder and essential oil on mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.)

Experiments were carried out to determine the potential of using the powder and essential oil from dried ground leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) to control storage deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.). Four mould species: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii and Penicillium citrinum were inoculated in the form of conidia suspension (approx. 106 conidia per ml) unto shelled melon seeds. The powdered dry leaves and essential oil from lemon grass were mixed with the inoculated seeds at levels ranging from 1-10% (w/w) and 0.1 to 1%v/vt respectively. The ground leaves significantly reduced the extent of deterioration in melon seeds inoculat4ed with different fungi compared to the untreated inoculated seeds. The essential oil at 0.1 and 0.25% (v/w) and ground leaves at 10% (w/w) significantly reduced deterioration and aflatoxin production in shelled melon seeds inoculated with toxigenic A. flavus. At higher dosages (0.5 and 1.0% v/w), the essential completely prevented aflatoxin production. After 6 months in farmers' stores, unshelled melon seeds treated with 0.5% (v/w) of essential oil and 10% (w/w) of powdered leaves of C. citratus had significantly lower proportion of visibly diseased seeds and Aspergillus spp infestation levels and significantly higher seed germination compared to the untreated seeds. The oil content, free fatty acid and peroxide values in seeds protected with essential oil after 6 months did not significantly differ from the values in seed before storage. The efficacy of the essential oil in preserving the quality of melon seeds in stores was statistically at par with that of fungicide (iprodione) treatment. Key Words: Aflatoxin, Cymbopogon citratus, essential oil, powdered leaves, melon seeds, mould deterioration, oil content, free fatty acid, peroxide values, seed germination. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.3(1) 2004: 52-5

Electronic Contract and its Effects According to the Sudanese Electronic Transactions law for the Year (2007) A Comparative Study

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The most important thing that distinguishes the electronic contract from the traditional contract is the means through which it passes through it through an electronic environment that uses modern means of communication, especially the internet. The study aimed at: To learn about the concept of e-contract and its advantages. Highlighting the languages ​​of affirmation and electronic acceptance and its characteristics. The study followed the descriptive historical descriptive method. The study found many results, including: Electronic contracts are usually concluded online, a network open to users around the world, especially in the case of mutual exchange and acceptance through the site, it creates a problem on how to determine the personality of the parties to the contractual process for the purpose of providing In this case, the owner of the site that is exchanging the offer and acceptance of the other must identify the persons who use it, if not the obligor or the owner of the site itself, Sudan is one of the first Arab countries that has an electronic transactions law is the law of (2007). Only Jordan, the Emirate of Dubai, Bahrain, Tunisia and Lebanon. preceded this. In addition, the method of expression in contracts for acceptance of online contracts is consistent with the method of contracting. An icon or by entering private information, and we find no value for silence as an expression of acceptance in electronic contracts. The study recommended the following: We propose to amend some articles of the Sudanese civil law to be in a way that shows (concluding contracts by means of modern communication) to accommodate all the new developments in communications, and the means of contracting modern, such as the Internet. As well as the creation of special websites on the net providing advice and guidance to provide protection to the less experienced party in the electronic contract. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; أهم ما يميز العقد الالكتروني عن العقد التقليدي هو تلك الوسيلة التي يمر عن طريقها، بحيث يتم من خلال بيئة الكترونية تستخدم فيها وسائل الاتصال الحديثة وعلى رأسها شبكة الانترنت. هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مفهوم العقد الإلكتروني ومميزاته. وإبراز لغات الإيجاب والقبول الإلكتروني وخصائصه. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التاريخي الاستقرائي. توصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج من بينها: إن العقود الإلكترونية مبرمة عادة عبر الإنترنت، وهي شبكة مفتوحة أمام المستخدمين في جميع أنحاء العالم خاصة في حالة تبادل الإيجاب والقبول من خلال الموقع، فإن ذلك يخلق مشكلة تتعلق بكيفية تحديد شخصية طرفي العملية التعاقدية وذلك لغرض توفير الأمان القانوني لها، ففي هذه الحالة يجب على صاحب الموقع الذي يجري تبادل الإيجاب والقبول غيره، أن يقوم بتحديد الأشخاص الذين يستخدمونه، هذا إن لم يكن الموجب أو القابل صاحب الموقع نفسه، السودان من أوائل الدول العربية التي لديها قانون للمعاملات الإلكترونية وهو قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية لسنة (2007م) ولم يسبقه في ذلك إلا الأردن، إمارة دبي، البحرين، تونس، لبنان، بالإضافة إلى أن أسلوب التعبير في العقود عن القبول في العقود التي تتم عبر الإنترنت يكون متماشياً مع طريقة التعاقد فقد يكون عن طريق النقر عدة مرات على إيقونة ما أو عن طريق إدخال معلومات خاصة، ولا نجد قيمة للسكوت باعتباره تعبيراً عن القبول في العقود الإلكترونية. أوصت الدراسة بالآتي: نقترح تعديل بعض مواد القانون المدني السوداني لتكون بشكل يوضح (إبرام العقود بوسائل الاتصال الحديثة) لتستوعب كل ما يستجد على صعيد الإيصالات، ووسائل التعاقد الحديثة كالإنترنت. كذلك استحداث مواقع إلكترونية خاصة على الشبكة تقدم النصائح والإرشادات لتوفير الحماية للطرف الأقل خبرة في العقد الإلكتروني

Exploring the use of AI in odontology for paediatric patients : a systematic integrative review

Introdução: A inteligência artificial (IA) é a capacidade que um computador tem de reproduzir um determinado raciocínio, planeamento e mesmo a criatividade semelhante à do ser humano. A relevância desta revisão reside na oportunidade de explorar a importância da IA na nossa vida moderna, no futuro fluxo de trabalho dos consultórios dentários, sendo a literatura escassa no âmbito da IA em Odontopediatria. Objetivo: Determinar de que forma a IA pode ser aplicada em odontologia pediátrica. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados PubMed. Os resultados incluem estudos publicados que cumprem os critérios no período de 2013 até 23 de janeiro 2023. Resultados: Várias pesquisas foram realizadas em pacientes pediátricos em relação à estimativa de idade dentária, posicionamento dentário e diagnóstico de cárie. A maioria desses estudos encontrou conclusões positivas relativamente à precisão dos modelos de aprendizagem profunda aplicados à análise de imagens. Discussão: Na literatura enfatiza a importância de investigações adicionais com amostras mais significativas. A aplicação desses modelos no fluxo de trabalho odontológico e as preocupações éticas foram também discutidas. Conclusão: A AI mostra resultados promissores no campo da odontopediatria, mas mais pesquisas são necessárias, a regulamentação ética sobre privacidade de dados precisa ser adotada e aplicada.Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer to reproduce a certain reasoning, planning and even creativity similar to that of a human being. The relevance of this review lies in the opportunity to explore the importance of AI in our modern life, in the future workflow of dental offices, since literature is scarce in the field of AI in Paediatric Dentistry. Aim: To determine whether AI can be applied in paediatric dentistry. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database. The results include published studies meeting the criteria in the period from 2013 to January 23, 2023. Results: Several researches have been conducted in paediatric patients regarding dental age estimation, tooth positioning and caries diagnosis. Most of these studies found positive conclusions regarding the accuracy of deep learning models applied to image analysis. Discussion: In the literature the importance of further investigations with more significant samples is emphasised. The application of these models in the dental workflow and ethical concerns were also discussed. Conclusion: AI shows promising results in the field of paediatric dentistry, but more research is needed, ethical regulations on data privacy need to be adopted and enforced