Which Legal Standards Should Apply To Web-logs? The present legal position of Internet journals in the European iuris prudence in the light of the European Parliament Committee’s on Culture and Education report and Polish Supreme Court decision

The article discusses the present status of weblogs and examines whether legal standards applicable to traditional press and media should be applied to that specific forum. The analysis is based on two key documents: the Draft Report on the concentration and pluralism in the media in European Union (2007/2253(INI)) of the European Parliament Committee on Culture and Education presented in March 2008 and a landmark decision of the Polish Supreme Court from July 26, 2007 (IV KK 174/07) in the light of present judicial tendency in other European countries. The first of the mentioned documents calls for the “clarification of the legal status of different categories of weblog authors and publishers as well as disclosure of interests and voluntary labelling of weblogs”. It emphasizes that the “undetermined and unindicated status of authors and publishers of weblogs causes uncertainties regarding impartiality, reliability, source protection, applicability of ethical codes and the assignment of liability in the event of lawsuits”. The position of the European Parliament, expressed in the document, raises serious questions on the limits of freedom of thought and speech on the Internet and on the degree of acceptable state control. A recent Polish Supreme Court decision, which caused quite a stir in the Polish Internet community, seems to head in the very direction recommended by the EP Culture Committee. In a case of two editors of a web journal (“czasopismo internetowe”) called “Szyciepoprzemysku”, available on-line, accused of publishing a journal without the proper registration, the Polish Supreme Court stated that “journals and periodicals do not lose the character of a press release due solely to the fact that they appear in the form of an  Internet transmission”, and that ‘’the publishing of press in an electronic form, available on the Internet, requires  registration”. The decision was most surprising, as prior lower courts decisions declined the possibility to register Internet periodicals. The accused were acquitted in the name of the constitutional principle of the rule of law (art. 7 of the Polish Constitution) and the ensuing obligation to protect the trust of a citizen to the state (a conviction in this case would break the collateral estoppel rule), however the decision quickly awoke media frenzy and raised the fear of a need to register all websites that were regularly updated. The spokesman of the Polish Supreme Court later explained that the sentence of the Court was not intended to cause a mass registration of all Internet “periodicals” and that neither weblogs nor Internet sites, that were regularly updated, needed registration. Such an interpretation of the Polish press law did not appear clear based only on the original text of the judgment and the decision as such still raises serious practical questions. The article aims to examine the status of Internet logs as press and seeks the compromise between the concerns expressed by European authorities and the freedom of thought and speech exercised on the Internet

Walled Gardens of Privacy or “Binding Corporate Rules?”: A Critical Look at International Protection of Online Privacy

A growing concern in the era of cloud computing is protecting Internet users\u27 privacy. This concern is compounded by the fact that there are no effective international solutions. This article considers the latest European Union (EU) proposed development in this area – a regulatory model based on amended Binding Corporate Rules (BCR) – as introduced by the EU Justice Commissioner. These planned changes would have worldwide effects on international companies\u27 online activities in transboundary cyberspace. After providing a background on the concept of defining privacy in general, the article describes the BCR proposal, and proceeds to consider the likelihood of both its application as well as alternatives to the proposed model. Next, the article offers an international law solution to the challenges presented by alternatives to the BCR proposal and emphasizes the significance of the BCR\u27s proposal. The article concludes that determining the scope of human rights for online activities will be the biggest challenge to the information society in the near future, and that success will be realized only if the global community unites to tackle the challenge together. If states create walled gardens creating only their residents\u27 privacy, the global information society will face its doom. However, a consensus-based global solution such as the BCR may function as a starting point for finding a global consensus on human rights online protection

Human Rights Due Diligence

Due diligence is a well-recognized, deliberately flexible standard in international law. It has been introduced to complement the system of state responsibility and the international liability framework of commitments. The latter has provided more detail to the understanding of due diligence. Together, these two systems allow for a comprehensive reading and implementation of due diligence in international law. Two international legal regimes dictate due diligence requirements: the law on international liability and that of the law of state responsibility. These two regimes have been the focus of the United Nations\u27 (UN) International Law Commission (ILC) since 1947, resulting in two respective distinct work streams. [...] The role of the ILC is to further the understanding and implementation of international law. While any detailed discussion on the nature, scope, and sources of international law goes far beyond the scope of this Paper, it is worth noting that the idea behind the foundation of the ILC was the understanding, shared by all UN member states, that there is indeed a system of internationally shared values, reflected in universally accepted and adopted norms. Such a normative framework has priority over national laws and regulations. Its core principles can be found in the UNC) -- an international treaty which laid the foundation for the United Nations as an international organization. This founding document is often referred to as the constitution of international law and, indeed, of the international community of states. The basic principles of international law, which lie at the core of international cooperation and legal order, provide context for the argument that has been reiterated in Chapter I of the UNC. They include, for example, the principle of sovereign equality, prohibition on the use of force, and due respect for fundamental rights of the individual (generally referred to as human rights law), which is discussed in more detail below. The work of the ILC complements that of the UN Security Council and, more significantly, of the International Court of Justice. While non-binding, ILC reports, documents, and draft articles serve as a reiteration of the basic principles of international law as reflected by the UNC. ILC experts review a variety of sources of international law, including universal, regional, and bilateral treaty practice; customary law; judicial decisions; and academic writings to summarize current progress of international law for the practical application by relevant UN bodies. For international and constitutional law scholars, these are a trustworthy and reliable resource for analyzing and summarizing diverse legal practices based on various legal norms and principles. For the purpose of this Paper, we shall look at the ILC work concerning state responsibility, reflecting the normative standard of Articles 2, 4, and 51, as well as Chapters VI and VII of the UNC. This abstract has been adapted from the author\u27s introduction

Zjawisko ucieczek wśród wychowanków Młodzieżowych Ośrodków Wychowawczych w roku szkolnym 2010/2011

Raport analizujacy zjawisko ucieczek wśród wychowanków Młodzieżowych Ośrodków Wychowawczych w roku szkolnym 2010/201

Analiza bazy i struktury miejsc w Młodzieżowych Ośrodkach Wychowawczych i Młodzieżowych Ośrodkach Socjoterapii

W opracowaniu dokonano analizy bazy i struktury miejsc w Młodzieżowych Ośrodkach Wychowawczych i Młodzieżowych Ośrodkach Socjoterapii w kraju wg stanu na grudzień 2009 roku. Celem przedstawionej analizy jest opisanie bazy MOW oraz MOS w poszczególnych województwach, w tym zestawienie liczby nieletnich oczekujących na realizację postanowienia sądowego o zastosowaniu środka wychowawczego w postaci umieszczenia w tego rodzaju placówkach i liczby wychowanków już przebywających w ośrodkach na terenie kraju

NK cell depletion and recovery in SCID mice treated with anti-NK1.1 antibody.

The anti-NK1.1 antibody produced by PK136 hybridoma cell line administered subcutaneously to SCID mice effectively decreased the level of peripheral blood NK cells and weight of the spleen for 3-4 days. The antibody treatment did not harm the general state of the animal, and may be practically applied in xenograft experiments

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - treatment

Litak Jakub, Grochowski Cezary, Litak Joanna, Szmygin Paweł, Kulesza Bartłomiej, Kamieniak Piotr. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(1):141-146. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.238710 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4160 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.12.2016. Revised 20.12.2016. Accepted: 11.01.2017. Zespół cieśni nadgarstka – leczenie Jakub Litak [1], Cezary Grochowski [2], Joanna Litak [3], Paweł Szmygin [1], Bartłomiej Kulesza [1], Piotr Kamieniak [1] [1] Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej SPSK-4 w Lublinie [2] Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Człowieka Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie [3] Centrum Onkologii Ziemii Lubelskiej im. Jana z Dukli Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – treatment Jakub Litak [1], Cezary Grochowski [2], Joanna Litak [3], Paweł Szmygin [1], Bartłomiej Kulesza [1], Piotr Kamieniak [1] [1] Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery SPSK-4 in Lublin [2] Department of Human Anatomy Medical University of Lublin [3] St. John`s Cancer Center in Lublin Słowa kluczowe: Zespół cieśni nadgarstka Key words: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Abstrakt Zespół cieśni nadgarstka jest częstym schorzeniem spotykanym w praktyce lekarskiej. Obraz kliniczny i diagnostyka przewodnictwa nerwowego są podstawą rozpoznania. Leczenie dobrane adekwatnie do nasilenia dolegliwosci daje ulgę w bólu . Zaniki mięśniowe w obrębie kłębu kciuka są wskazaniem do zabiegu operacyjnego . Abstract Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common disease in General Practice. Clinical symptoms and Nerve Conduction Evaluation are crucial for proper diagnosis. Adequate treatment leads to pain relief. Thenar dystrophy indicates surgical treatment

Antibody-based antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic therapies to prevent tumor growth and progression

Blood and lymphatic vessel formation is an indispensable factor for cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, various strategies designed to block angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are being investigated in the hope to arrest and reverse tumor development. Monoclonal antibodies, owing to their unequalled diversity and specificity, might be applied to selectively inhibit the pathways that cancer cells utilize to build up a network of blood vessels and lymphatics. Among the possible targets of antibody-based therapies are proangiogenic and prolymphangiogenic growth factors from the VEGF family and the receptors to which they bind (VEGFRs). Here, we present molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis exploited by tumors to progress and metastasise, with examples of antibody-based therapeutic agents directed at interfering with these processes. The expanding knowledge of vascular biology helps to explain some of the problems encountered in such therapies, that arise due to the redundancy in signaling networks controlling the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels, and lead to tumor drug resistance. Nonetheless, combined treatments and treatments focused on newly discovered proangiogenic and prolymphangiogenic factors give hope that more prominent therapeutic effects might be achieved in the future