Can dairy slurry application to stubble, without Incorporation into the soil, be sustainable?

In many countries, livestock slurry must be injected or incorporated into the soil to reduce nitrogen losses. However, when the injection is not feasible, farmers adopting conservation practices discard the use of slurry as fertilizer. New approaches related to slurry treatment or application management can stimulate the use of slurry in conservation agriculture (CA). This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic effects of some new management strategies to use dairy slurry for fertilization of ryegrass grown on stubble-covered soil, using as reference standard practices (slurry injection and mineral fertilizer application). The following treatments were considered: (i) bare soil: control (CB), mineral fertilizer (MB), injection (IN); (ii) stubble: control (CS), acidified dairy slurry (ADS), raw dairy slurry (RDS), irrigation following RDS (IR), mineral fertilizer (MS), RDS placed under the stubble (US), raw slurry applied 16 days after sowing (RDS T16). Effects on ryegrass yield, apparent nutrient recovery (ANR) and soil chemical properties were assessed. ADS reached 94% equivalence to MS and performed similarly to IN for productivity, ANR and soil parameters showing to be a sustainable alternative to replace mineral nitrogen and a potential solution to enable dairy slurry application in CA without injection or incorporation into the soil.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dairy Slurry Application to Stubble-Covered Soil: A Study on Sustainable Alternatives to Minimize Gaseous Emissions

The development of sustainable application practices, which do not demand incorporation into the soil, is necessary to encourage slurry use in conservation agriculture (CA). Incorporation is the most common practice to reduce nitrogen losses from the applied slurry. However, in CA, soil disturbance must be avoided. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate strategies to reduce gaseous emissions from dairy slurry applied to stubble-covered soil without incorporation. We evaluated (1) effects on ammonia (NH3) emissions of pretreatment by acidification (ADS), irrigation (IR) and placement under the stubble (US); and (2) effects of ADS, IR, US and delayed fertilization (RDS T16) on greenhouse gases (GHG). The results of the evaluated strategies were compared to raw slurry (RDS) and ammonium sulphate (MS). Additionally, in experiment 2, the results were compared to ammonium sulphate (MB) and slurry injection (IN), both in bare soil. ADS, US and IR decreased NH3 emissions by 66%, 60% and 32.5%, respectively, with total N emissions NH3 emissions accounting for more than 79% of N losses in slurry-based treatments. Late application reduced N2O emissions by 48%. GHG emissions from ADS, US and IR were similar to those from MS, MB and IN. ADS, US and IR are the most suitable strategies for slurry application in CAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The pharmacological assay as a tool to medicinal plants domestication

In Brazil studies with native medicinal plants are usually performed using non-domesticated plants and as a result the genetic variability of wild species could express different levels of active principles changing their therapeutic effect. Based on that, the aim of this study was to demonstrate that extract of different half- sib families Cordia verbenacea (DC), widely used as medicinal plant in Brazil, have different efficacy in the Total Growth Inhibition (TGI) of 5 different human tumor cell lines. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA follow by Tuckey test and a heritability estimation of the plant families was performed. The results showed that TGI are different for each plant family according with each human tumor cell line. For instance, extracts obtained from families 3,11 and 12 were more effective to inhibit the U-251 and Ht-29 cell lines compared to the other families, while extracts obtained from the family 32 was more effective against thethe PC-3 line. The heritability coefficient indicated that plant population selection could promote a genetic improvement related to its active principle and their pharmacological effect and could provide the identification of the best families according to their pharmacological efficacy. In conclusion, this study suggests that the domestication of a wild medicinal plant should be better monitored by its pharmacological effect

A múltipla clínica das depressões

The accute increase of depression is a worldwide and complex phenomenon. Its understanding requires the mobilization of several areas of knowledge (Corbanezi, 2021). The objective of this article is less to present extensively the different denominations, aspects, definitions, and understandings concerning depression as a clinical entity, and more to register that they exist, with the intention of revealing, or briefly reiterating, the vast complexity of this area from the point of view of some theoretical bodies, in contrast with the, in our view, simplified and condensed description found in the current diagnostic manuals, especially in the current Disorder and Statistic Manual-DSM. We point to the current number of cases diagnosed as depression, considered of the epidemic order in which, however, a whole range of distinct affections are indistinctly condensed, in the current prevalent diagnostic version. Distinct ranges of sadness, mourning processes, and other affective and physical states clinically similar to those credited as depression, have been steadily increasing numbers that, according to the WHO, are expected to reach the first cause of work impairement by 2030. A projection, or a state of affairs that is still poorly understood and, therefore, as an epidemic, ungoverned?A explosão dos casos de depressão é um fenômeno mundial e complexo. Sua compreensão requer a mobilização de diversas áreas do saber (Corbanezi, 2021). O objetivo deste artigo será menos o de apresentar extensivamente as diferentes denominações, vertentes, definições e compreensões referentes à depressão como entidade clínica, e mais o de registrar que estas existem, com o intuito ainda de revelar, ou reiterar, brevemente, a vasta complexidade desta área a partir do olhar de alguns corpos teóricos, em contraste com a, a nosso ver, simplificada e condensada descrição encontrada nos atuais manuais diagnósticos, em especial, no Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais-DSM vigente. Apontamos para o atual número de casos diagnosticados como depressão, considerado da ordem epidêmica no qual, no entanto, toda uma gama de afetos estão indistintamente aglomerados, na atual versão diagnóstica prevalente. Distintas gamas de tristeza, de processos de luto e de outros estados afetivos e físicos clinicamente semelhantes aos creditados como da depressão, vêm constantemente aumentando os números que, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, devem atingir o primeiro lugar na causa de afastamento de trabalho até 2030. Uma projeção, ou um estado de coisas ainda mal compreendido e, portanto, tal qual uma epidemia, desgovernado

Efeito de fermentado (utilizado como alimento funcional) sobre: a citoproteção gástrica, atividade anti-secretória e a motilidade intestinal em animais

Objetivo: Confirmar o mecanismo de ação do fermentado, através da quantificação do muco gastroprotetor e da produção de secreção gástrica ácida em ratos Wistar, além de verificar a interferência na motilidade gastrointestinal em camundongos. Métodos: Nesse estudo foi inicialmente utilizado o modelo de indução de úlcera com administração de solução salina (10mL/kg de peso) como controle negativo, carbenoxolona (200 mg/kg) como controle positivo e o produto fermentado em pó na dose de 2000 mg/kg de peso animal. Em seguida foi utilizado o modelo para determinação quantitativa do muco gastroprotetor e atividade anti-secretória em ratos. Para avaliação da atividade sobre a motilidade intestinal em camundongos cada grupo de animais recebeu, por via oral, solução salina (10mL/kg) como controle negativo, atropina (3mg/kg) como controle positivo e o produto fermentado em pó na dose de 2000mg/kg de peso corporal animal. Resultados: O fermentado apresentou atividade antiulcerogênica de 57,1% e a carbenoxolona de 92,3%. Para a confirmação do mecanismo de ação via prostaglandinas foi realizado a quantificação do muco gástrico no qual o fermentado foi capaz de aumentá-lo em 48,9% e a carbenoxolona em 108,6%. Na avaliação da atividade antisecretória em ratos e da motilidade intestinal em camundongos o fermentado não interferiu na secreção acida gástrica e na motilidade. Conclusão: Com base nos dados obtidos nesse experimento com ratos e camundongos, concluiu-se que o fermentado provavelmente promove a citoproteção da mucosa gástrica, através do aumento da produção de muco gastroprotetor especialmente por meio dos níveis de prostaglandinas

Seven-membered Rings Through Metal-free Rearrangement Mediated By Hypervalent Iodine.

A versatile and metal-free approach for the synthesis of carbocycles and of heterocycles bearing seven- and eight-membered rings is described. The strategy is based on ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkanols (or the corresponding silyl or methyl ether) mediated by the hypervalent iodine reagent HTIB (PhI(OH)OTs). Reaction conditions can be easily adjusted to give ring expansion products bearing different functional groups. A route to medium-ring lactones was also developed.201475-9

Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity And Molecular Properties Predictions Of Galloyl Derivatives.

The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antiproliferative activity against ten human cancer cell lines of a series of galloyl derivatives bearing substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole and carbohydrazide moieties. The compounds were also assessed in an in silico study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) in the human body using Lipinski's parameters, the topological polar surface area (TPSA) and percentage of absorption (%ABS). In general, the introduction of N'-(substituted)-arylidene galloyl hydrazides 4-8 showed a moderate antitumor activity, while the 2-methylthio- and 2-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl derivatives 9 and 10 led to increased inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The precursor compound methyl gallate 2 and the intermediary galloyl hydrazide 3 showed greater antiproliferative activity with GI50 values < 5.54 µM against all human tumor cell lines tested. A higher inhibition effect against ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) (GI50 = 0.05-5.98 µM) was also shown, with compounds 2, 3, 9 and 10 with GI50 ≤ 0.89 µM standing out in this respect. The in silico study revealed that the compounds showed good intestinal absorption.205360-537

Incorporación de nuevos ingredientes funcionales a alimentos como contribución a la promoción de la salud y/o a la prevención de enfermedades de la población iberoamericana

Coordinador: Javier Fontecha.-- et al.El desarrollo de nuevos alimentos que incorporen ingredientes funcionales requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar, por lo que se considera esencial la participación conjunta de grupos de investigación internacionalmente reconocidos, entre los que surjan sinergias, colaboraciones e intercambios, que permitan la obtención de resultados de investigación difícilmente alcanzables por un solo grupo. En la presente propuesta, se promueve la interacción, la cooperación y la transferencia de conocimientos y tecnologías relacionadas con compuestos bioactivos, suficientemente caracterizados por los diferentes grupos que componen esta acción, que integren sus tareas mediante la interconexión con empresas especializadas en ingredientes funcionales, permitiendo una mejor transferencia al sector productivo y por tanto, un aumento de su competitividad.PROYECTO CYTED. IBEROFUN. REF: 110AC0386.Peer reviewe

The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Trace gases emitted by smoldering logs and dung from deforestation and pasture fires in Brazil

Earlier work showed that Amazonian biomass burning produces both lofted and initially unlofted emissions in large amounts. A mobile, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) measured the unlofted emissions of 17 trace gases from residual smoldering combustion (RSC) of logs as part of the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE) during the 2004 Amazonian dry season. The RSC emissions were highly variable and the few earlier RSC measurements lay near the high end of combustion efficiency observed in this study. Fuel consumption by RSC was ∼5% of total for a planned deforestation fire. Much regional RSC probably occurs in the residual woody debris burned during pasture maintenance fires. RSC could increase estimated total fire emissions for the Amazon region by 20-50% for several important VOC. FTIR emissions measurements of burning dung (in a pasture) showed high emission ratios for acetic acid and ammonia to CO (6.6 ± 3.4% and 8.9 ± 2.1 %). Large emissions of nitrogen containing trace gases from burning dung and crop waste could mean that biomass burning in India produces more particle mass than previously assumed. Measurements of late-stage kiln emissions suggested that VOC/CO may increase as carbonization is extended. A cook stove emitted many VOC and NH3 far outside the range observed for open wood cooking fires. Enclosed/vented cooking stoves may change the chemistry of the smoke that is emitted. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union

Effects of the Topical Application of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Oncidium flexuosum Sims. (Orchidaceae) and Microcurrent on the Healing of Wounds Surgically Induced in Wistar Rats

This study evaluated the wound healing activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Oncidium flexuosum Sims. (Orchidaceae), an important native plant of Brazil, combined or not with microcurrent stimulation. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of nine animals: control (C), topical application of the extract (OF), treated with a microcurrent (10 μA/2 min) (MC), and topical application of the extract plus microcurrent (OF + MC). Tissue samples were obtained 2, 6, and 10 days after injury and submitted to structural and morphometric analysis. The simultaneous application of OF + MC was found to be highly effective in terms of the parameters analyzed (P < .05), with positive effects on the area of newly formed tissue, number of fibroblasts, number of newly formed blood vessels, and epithelial thickness. Morphometric data confirmed the structural findings. The O. flexuosum leaf extract contains active compounds that speed the healing process, especially when applied simultaneously with microcurrent stimulation