The Effects of Cultural Factors on Safety in Aviation Focusing on Asian and Western Cultures

Several aviation accidents from the past, such as the Asiana Flight 214 crash at San Francisco International Airport in 2015, have highlighted possible effects of Korean hierarchy culture on the safety of flight. Previous research conducted primarily with the use of surveys revealed that Asian pilots are less likely to report an unsafe condition out of fear that it will damage their relationships with coworkers and superiors. Western pilots see reporting as dealing with the problem and not a person, thus they feel more open to it. This study looked at student pilots’ ability to recognize and deny an unsafe flight instruction from a superior based on their cultural background. Ten Western and ten Korean participants were asked to fly around a mountainous region with low-laying clouds in a flight simulator. During the flight, participants were given instructions by the researcher, who pretended to be a flight instructor. One of the instructions was made intentionally unsafe and non-compliant with the Federal Aviation Administration regulations; participant reactions to the instructions were recorded. Significantly more Korean than Western participants were able to recognize the unsafe instruction, but significantly more Western pilots denied the unsafe instruction. It is recommended for the aviation industry to recognize and consider cultural differences when developing regulations and training programs, such as Crew Resource Management, to reassure the Safety Culture in aviation. Further research is suggested to determine other cultural factors that can affect safety of flight

La relación entre la educación universitaria y el mercado laboral: El caso de Corea del Sur

Treballs Finals del Grau de d'Administració i Direcció d'Empreses, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020 , Tutor: Joaquín Turmo Garuz[spa] Una de las funciones principales de la universidad es ofrecer una adecuada formación para que sus egresados puedan aplicar lo aprendido en las aulas a la práctica laboral. En este trabajo, se intenta estudiar el cómo incidió la educación universitaria en el desarrollo económico de Corea del Sur y analizar el impacto actual de la educación universitaria en su mercado laboral. La masificación de educación universitaria ha llevado la sociedad coreana a un punto de agotamiento y saturación del mercado. Observamos un cierto nivel de desajuste entre las universidades y el mercado laboral, lo cual se traduce también en la caída de la competitividad universitaria. El presente trabajo pretende alertar la falta de cooperación entre universidades, empresas y otras instituciones públicas, basada en un enfoque de sostenibilidad socioeconómica a nivel mundial.[eng] One of the main roles of the university education is to offer an adequate training so that its graduates can apply what they have learned in the classroom to the practice. This paper is intended to study how university education affected the economic development of South Korea and to analyze the current impact of universities on its labour market. The massificacion of university education has brought Korean society to a point of exhaustion and saturation of the market. We observe a certain level of mismatch between universities and the labour market, which has caused a decline in university competitiveness. This paper aims to alert the lack of cooperation between universities, companies and other public institutions, based on a approach for global socioeconomic sustainability

Illusory Vowels and the North Kyungsang Korean Vowel Merger In English Loanword Adaptation Into Korean

Our auditory perceptual processing is optimized for the sound patterns of our native language. Consequently, when non-native segments are perceived, speech “illusions” often occur. This well-known phenomenon, known as the perception of illusory vowels, occurs when listeners of a borrowing language (BL) perceive vowels that do not exist underlyingly in the source language (SL). Illusory vowels have often been considered to be the default vowel in a language: /ɨ/ in Korean, /u/ in Japanese, /ə/ in English, /e/ in Spanish, and /i/ in Brazilian Portuguese. This raises the question of how vowel systems affect the quality of illusory vowels. For this, the vowel merger in North Kyungsang Korean (NKK) was examined. Unlike other Korean dialects, NKK has shown a merger of /ɨ/ and /ʌ/ to /ʌ/ since the 18th century. That is, the default illusory vowel /ɨ/ shifts to something more /ʌ/-like in NKK. Interestingly, the NKK /ɨ/-/ʌ/ vowel merger has been in progress of demerging the vowels among younger generations. Consequently, older NKK speakers, who are more likely to merge the two vowels, would be expected to insert /ʌ/ instead of /ɨ/ in loanword adaptation, whereas younger NKK speakers, who are less likely to merge the two vowels, would be expected to insert /ɨ/. As such, the NKK /ɨ/-/ʌ/ vowel merger is well placed to offer insight on the effect of the vowel merger on the quality of an illusory vowel. Furthermore, the quality of illusory vowels is known to be affected by the place features of the preceding consonant through the process of vowel-to-consonant assimilation, such that we expect the central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ to appear after alveolars and velars, the high front unrounded vowel /i/ to appear after palatals, and /ɨ/ or /u/ to appear after labials. However, this study also observed that the rhoticity of the following /ɹ/ can induce the illusory vowel /u/. Therefore, this research investigates how illusory vowels correlate with preceding and following consonants. Results of this research illustrate that older NKK speakers often perceived and produced /ʌ/ where /ɨ/ would otherwise be perceived or produced, suggesting that the unmarked or perceptually least salient vowel for vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation can, in fact, be affected by a vowel merger. The results also suggest that illusory vowels function to preserve non-distinctive phonetic details of the SL such as stop release and liquid duration and can also reflect the rhoticity of the following liquid

Toddler–teacher interaction and teachers’ sensitivity as predictors of toddler’s development during COVID-19: Stability or change over time

This study examined the stability and change patterns among toddlers’ interactions with their teachers, teachers’ sensitivity, and toddlers’ development during the COVID-19 pandemic and the three plausible paths were tested to identify which of the study variables affected the development of toddlers in subsequent periods over time. The subjects of this study were 63 toddlers and 6 head teachers who attended a subsidized child care center, located in Kyunggi province, Korea. In order to carry out the research objectives, a non-experimental survey research design was undertaken, and the qualitative data was obtained via on-site observations by trained researchers. With regard to continuity and change patterns among the study variables toddlers who had been actively involved in initiating their verbal interactions with teachers showed more verbal interactions with their teachers even after 4 months passed. Also, it was found that the early (T1) social disposition of toddlers and the behavioral interaction that toddlers had initiated with teachers revealed a significant effect, supporting each of the three models, which are simultaneous, cumulative, and complex paths. The main results of this research support the contention that the interaction patterns vary by contexts of subject, time, and history, indicating that it would be useful to understand new competencies required for teachers within the context of the multi-faceted ramifications of the pandemic on toddler development

Linguistic entrenchment and the effect of subjective lexical familiarity in Korean /n/-insertion

Korean shows variable /n/-insertion between a morpheme-final consonant and the initial /i/ or /j/ of a following morpheme. Literature has shown that the appearance of the phenomenon can be affected by various parameters, including social and phonological factors. Exemplar theory contends that a word's susceptibility to language variation correlates directly with its word frequency, a unitary frequency measure based on a corpus (Pierrehumbert 2001; Bybee 2002). However, given that individuals have different language experience, word frequency rarely addresses individual differences in the same way that self-rated measures of word frequency, known as subjective lexical familiarity, do. This research investigates whether and how the metric of self-rated lexical familiarity affects Korean /n/-insertion. Results indicate that subjective lexical familiarity significantly predicts the appearance of /n/-insertion, such that words more familiar to the speaker show /n/-insertion more often than those that are less familiar

Rpl13a small nucleolar RNAs regulate systemic glucose metabolism

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that form ribonucleoproteins to guide covalent modifications of ribosomal and small nuclear RNAs in the nucleus. Recent studies have also uncovered additional non-canonical roles for snoRNAs. However, the physiological contributions of these small RNAs are largely unknown. Here, we selectively deleted four snoRNAs encoded within the introns of the ribosomal protein L13a (Rpl13a) locus in a mouse model. Loss of Rpl13a snoRNAs altered mitochondrial metabolism and lowered reactive oxygen species tone, leading to increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets and enhanced systemic glucose tolerance. Islets from mice lacking Rpl13a snoRNAs demonstrated blunted oxidative stress responses. Furthermore, these mice were protected against diabetogenic stimuli that cause oxidative stress damage to islets. Our study illuminates a previously unrecognized role for snoRNAs in metabolic regulation

Heterogeneous stacking of nanodot monolayers by dry pick-and-place transfer and its applications in quantum dot light-emitting diodes

Layered assembly structures composed of nanomaterials, such as nanocrystals, have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for new functional devices whose optical, electromagnetic and electronic behaviours are determined by the spatial arrangement of component elements. However, difficulties in handling each constituent layer in a materialspecific manner limit the 3D integration of disparate nanomaterials into the appropriate heterogeneous electronics. Here we report a pick-and-place transfer method that enables the transfer of large-area nanodot assemblies. This solvent-free transfer utilizes a lifting layer and allows for the reliable transfer of a quantum dot (QD) monolayer, enabling layer-by-layer design. With the controlled multistacking of different bandgap QD layers, we are able to probe the interlayer energy transfer among different QD monolayers. By controlling the emission spectrum through such designed monolayer stacking, we have achieved white emission with stable optoelectronic properties, the closest to pure white among the QD lightemitting diodes reported so far. (c) 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.402

Dieticians' intentions to recommend functional foods: The mediating role of consumption frequency of functional foods

This study explored the conceptual framework of dieticians' intentions to recommend functional food and the mediating role of consumption frequency. A web-based survey was designed using a self-administered questionnaire. A sample of Korean dieticians (N=233) responded to the questionnaire that included response efficacy, risk perception, consumption frequency, and recommendation intention for functional foods. A structural equation model was constructed to analyze the data. We found that response efficacy was positively related to frequency of consumption of functional foods and to recommendation intention. Consumption frequency also positively influenced recommendation intention. Risk perception had no direct influence on recommendation intention; however, the relationship was mediated completely by consumption frequency. Dieticians' consumption frequency and response efficacy were the crucial factors in recommending functional foods. Dieticians may perceive risks arising from the use of functional foods in general, but the perceived risks do not affect ratings describing dieticians' intentions to recommend them. The results also indicated that when dieticians more frequently consume functional foods, the expression of an intention to recommend functional foods may be controlled by the salience of past behaviors rather than by attitudes

Constitutive phosphorylation of the FOXO1 transcription factor in gastric cancer cells correlates with microvessel area and the expressions of angiogenesis-related molecules

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although FOXO transcription factors may have an anti-angiogenic role, little is known about their role in tumor angiogenesis. The present study was performed to investigate the correlation between the constitutive expression of phosphorylated FOXO1 (pFOXO1) and angiogenesis in gastric cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue array slides containing 272 gastric carcinoma specimens, and the correlations between the cytoplasmic pFOXO1 expression in gastric cancer cells and CD34-immunopositive microvessel area (MVA) or the expressions of angiogenesis-related molecules were analyzed. <it>In vitro </it>analyses with Western blotting and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed using the stable SNU-638 gastric cancer cell line transfected with lentivirus-delivered FOXO1 short hairpin RNA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The cytoplasmic expression of pFOXO1 in tumor cells was observed in 85% of gastric carcinoma cases, and was found to be positively associated with higher MVA (<it>P </it>= 0.048). Moreover, pFOXO1 expression was positively correlated with the expressions of several angiogenesis-related proteins, including hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α, <it>P </it>= 0.003), vessel endothelial growth factor (<it>P </it>= 0.004), phosphorylated protein kinase B (<it>P </it>< 0.001), and nuclear factor-κB (<it>P </it>= 0.040). In contrast, the expression of pFOXO1 was not correlated with that of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 or β-catenin. In addition, cell culture experiments showed that FOXO1 suppression increased the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1α.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that pFOXO1 expression in cancer cells plays a role in gastric cancer angiogenesis via mechanisms involving various angiogenesis-related molecules. Animal experiments are needed to confirm the anti-angiogenic role of FOXO1 in human gastric cancer.</p