Public Domain and Paywalled: Journal Articles Authored or Co-authored by U.S. Government Employees

Academic journal articles authored by U.S. government employees are assumed to be in the public domain, though journals vary in communicating this status, and access is often not provided.  To document this situation, between September 2020 and March 2021 we collected and analyzed copyright statements from a random sample of articles in PDF published in 2019 by authors affiliated with two U.S. government agencies.  13% of the sampled articles had a copyright statement indicating the U.S. public domain or U.S. government authorship.  42% of the published versions of the sampled articles were behind a paywall.  Even when all authors of an article were U.S. government employees, 29% were labeled in the U.S. public domain, and 66% were behind a paywall.   While copyright notices are not required, notice provides legal certainty on the usage of journal articles, which are shared among scholars, added to bibliographic managers, and posted to websites and repositories. Journal articles authored by U.S. government employees may be a source of open access that has not been fully realized, and uniquely, a retrospective source of access for scholarship.  We suggest best practices for journal publishers, as well as possible actions by U.S. government agencies, library organizations, and institutional repositories.  The U.S. public domain provides an opportunity to increase the number of peer-reviewed journal articles that are open access

A Conceptual Understanding of Organizational Identity in the Social Media Environment

Nonprofit organizations have increasingly adopted the use of social media over the last several years. This presents a myriad of challenges and opportunities in regards to organizational identity. This paper provides a conceptual understanding of identity as an entry point for nonprofit organizations to deliberate their own use of social media and the relative impact on organizational identity. A theoretical understanding of the formation of social identity situates the development of organizational identity and contextualizes the process in a manner suitable for conversation and strategic decision-making at the administrative level. A conceptual model is presented to illustrate the development and maintenance of organizational identity in the social media environment

Behavioral Responses of Ticks to Motion and Repellents or Attractants

Entomolog

N+3 Small Commercial Efficient and Quiet Transportation for Year 2030-2035

This study develops a future scenario that enables convenient point-to-point commercial air travel via a large network of community airports and a new class of small airliners. A network demand and capacity study identifies current and future air travel demands and the capacity of this new network to satisfy these demands. A current technology small commercial airliner is defined to meet the needs of the new network, as a baseline for evaluating the improvement brought about by advanced technologies. Impact of this new mode of travel on the infrastructure and surrounding communities of the small airports in this new N+3 network are also evaluated. Year 2030-2035 small commercial airliner technologies are identified and a trade study conducted to evaluate and select those with the greatest potential for enhancing future air travel and the study metrics. The selected advanced air vehicle concept is assessed against the baseline aircraft, and an advanced, but conventional aircraft, and the study metrics. The key technologies of the selected advanced air vehicle are identified, their impact quantified, and risk assessments and roadmaps defined

Chicken Cube Enterprise / Nor Zamryah Kamarudin… [et al.]

CHICKEN CUBE ENTERPRISE has been choosed as our company name and it is specially made from chicken lover for those who like chicken product very much as we do. We will and going to give a very out of the ordinary product our customer for those who loved to eat chicken product. By provided that, this will perfectly describe our motto which is “besotted by our remarkable chicken cube” “CHICKEN CUBE ENTERPRISE” is manage by five dedicated executive, they are Nor Zamryah binti Kamarudin as the General Manager cum Administrative Manager, Fasihah binti Mohd Jimmy as the Marketing Manager, Siti Fatimah Young Izah binti Hang Jebat as the Operation Manager and Jamilin Rasyida binti Radzni as Financial Manager. Generally, food service is our field of study and nature of service. CHICKEN CUBE PRODUCT had been created to promote the chicken cube that providing two variety of chicken cube which is chicken cube cheese and chicken cube spicy. Two type of chicken cube is specially made for our customer to give them the experience in various way with various superb taste from our variety of chicken cube. We had determined to expose ourself in food service business because there will always demand from chicken product and its getting mushrooming every single day. Based on our survey, chicken product is preferable and very popular and had been choosed as the most priority rather than other type of product. Moreover, every generation like to consume chicken equally. Other than that, raw material for chicken cube product, which is chicken, is effortless to purchase and to handle. For starting, we choose N o 1, Lorong Perda Utama 1, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang as the location of operation and for N.o 1, Lorong Perda Utama 1, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang place to chicken cube enterprise product. These place has been chose for those operation due to the availability of facility such as transportation and it is near to educating building which is primary and secondary school and university. This situation is a benefit to CHICKEN CUBE ENTERPRISE to promote its product and be help with large interesting banner chicken cube company and sign board that surely capture the eye of customer

Regulation of synaptic growth and maturation by a synapse-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase at the neuromuscular junction

The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway has been implicated in synaptic development and plasticity. However, mechanisms by which ubiquitination contributes to precise and dynamic control of synaptic development and plasticity are poorly understood. We have identified a PDZ domain containing RING finger 3 (PDZRN3) as a synapse-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase and have demonstrated that it regulates the surface expression of muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), the key organizer of postsynaptic development at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. PDZRN3 binds to MuSK and promotes its ubiquitination. Regulation of cell surface levels of MuSK by PDZRN3 requires the ubiquitin ligase domain and is mediated by accelerated endocytosis. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in cultured myotubes show that regulation of MuSK by PDZRN3 plays an important role in MuSK-mediated nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering. Furthermore, overexpression of PDZRN3 in skeletal muscle of transgenic mice perturbs the growth and maturation of the neuromuscular junction. These results identify a synapse-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase as an important regulator of MuSK signaling

The neocortical column

In the middle of the twentieth century, Rafael Lorente de Nó (1902?1990) introduced the fundamental concept of the ?elementary cortical unit of operation,? proposing that the cerebral cortex is formed of small cylinders containing vertical chains of neurons (Lorente de Nó, 1933, 1938). On the basis of this idea, the hypothesis was later developed of the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex, primarily following the physiological and anatomical studies of Vernon Mountcastle, David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel, János Szentágothai, Ted Jones, and Pasko Rakic (for a review of these early studies, see Mountcastle, 1998). The columnar organization hypothesis is currently the most widely adopted to explain the cortical processing of information, making its study of potential interest to any researcher interested in this tissue, both in a healthy and pathological state. However, it is frequently remarked that the nomenclature surrounding this hypothesis often generates problems, as the term ?Column? is used freely and promiscuously to refer to multiple, distinguishable entities, such as cellular or dendritic minicolumns or afferent macrocolumns, with respective diameters of menor que50 and 200?500 ?m. Another problem is the degree to which classical criteria may need to be modified (shared response properties, shared input, and common output) and if so, how. Moreover, similar problems arise when we consider the need to define area-specific and species-specific variations. Finally, and what is more an ultimate goal than a problem, it is still necessary to achieve a better fundamental understanding of what columns are and how they are used in cortical processes. Accordingly, it is now very important to translate recent technical advances and new findings in the neurosciences into practical applications for neuroscientists, clinicians, and for those interested in comparative anatomy and brain evolution

Developing Ethical Guidelines for Creating Social Media Technology Policy in Social Work Classrooms

This paper will discuss social media technology in the context of social work education. While social media technology is prevalent in social work education, most discourse about ethical use of social media in the classroom has taken a prescriptive and overly cautious approach that neglects the context dependent nature that social work educators teach in as well as the overwhelmingly positive potential of social media technology in the classroom. This paper utilizes social constructivist theory and the Competing Values framework to guide the development of an ethical decision making framework for social work educators to use in order to create dynamic classroom policies related to social media technology. The authors strive to make a modest contribution to the existing literature related to social media technology and social work through the development of this new ethical decision making framework and discourse related to social media technology, ethics, and social work education