12,702 research outputs found
Finding next-to-shortest paths in a graph
We study the problem of finding the next-to-shortest paths in a
graph. A next-to-shortest -path is a shortest -path
amongst -paths with length strictly greater than the length of
the shortest -path. In constrast to the situation in directed
graphs, where the problem has been shown to be NP-hard, providing edges of length zero are allowed,
we prove the somewhat surprising result that there is a polynomial
time algorithm for the undirected version of the problem
The temporal evolution of the energy flux across scales in homogeneous turbulence
A temporal study of energy transfer across length scales is performed in 3D
numerical simulations of homogeneous shear flow and isotropic turbulence. The
average time taken by perturbations in the energy flux to travel between scales
is measured and shown to be additive. Our data suggests that the propagation of
disturbances in the energy flux is independent of the forcing and that it
defines a `velocity' that determines the energy flux itself. These results
support that the cascade is, on average, a scale-local process where energy is
continuously transmitted from one scale to the next in order of decreasing
size.Comment: Accepted for publication as a Letter in Physics of Fluid
Open charm meson in nuclear matter at finite temperature beyond the zero range approximation
The properties of open charm mesons, , , and in
nuclear matter at finite temperature are studied within a self-consistent
coupled-channel approach. The interaction of the low lying pseudoscalar mesons
with the ground state baryons in the charm sector is derived from a -channel
vector-exchange model. The in-medium scattering amplitudes are obtained by
solving the Lippmann-Schwinger equation at finite temperature including Pauli
blocking effects, as well as , , and self-energies
taking their mutual influence into account. We find that the in-medium
properties of the meson are affected by the -meson self-energy through
the intermediate loops coupled to states. Similarly, dressing the
meson in the loops has an influence over the properties of
the meson.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 2 table
On the evolution of the molecular line profiles induced by the propagation of C-shock waves
We present the first results of the expected variations of the molecular line
emission arising from material recently affected by C-shocks (shock
precursors). Our parametric model of the structure of C-shocks has been coupled
with a radiative transfer code to calculate the molecular excitation and line
profiles of shock tracers such as SiO, and of ion and neutral molecules such as
H13CO+ and HN13C, as the shock propagates through the unperturbed medium. Our
results show that the SiO emission arising from the early stage of the magnetic
precursor typically has very narrow line profiles slightly shifted in velocity
with respect to the ambient cloud. This narrow emission is generated in the
region where the bulk of the ion fluid has already slipped to larger velocities
in the precursor as observed toward the young L1448-mm outflow. This strongly
suggests that the detection of narrow SiO emission and of an ion enhancement in
young shocks, is produced by the magnetic precursor of C-shocks. In addition,
our model shows that the different velocity components observed toward this
outflow can be explained by the coexistence of different shocks at different
evolutionary stages, within the same beam of the single-dish observations.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
The magnetic precursor of L1448-mm: Excitation differences between ion and neutral fluids
Shock modelling predicts an electron density enhancement within the magnetic
precursor of C-shocks. Previous observations of SiO, H13CO+, HN13C and H13CN
toward the young L1448-mm outflow showed an over-excitation of the ion fluid
that was attributed to an electron density enhancement in the precursor. We
re-visit this interpretation and test if it still holds when we consider
different source morphologies and kinetic temperatures for the observed
molecules, and also give some insight on the spatial extent of the electron
density enhancement around L1448-mm.
We estimate the opacities of H13CO+ and HN13C by observing the J=3\to2 lines
of rarer isotopologues to confirm that the emission is optically thin. To model
the excitation of the molecules, we use the large velocity gradient (LVG)
approximation with updated collisional coefficients to i) re- analyse the
observations toward the positions where the over-excitation of H13CO+ has
previously been observed [i.e. toward L1448- mm at offsets (0,0) and (0,-10)],
and ii) to investigate if the electron density enhancement is still required
for the cases of extended and compact emission, and for kinetic temperatures of
up to 400 K. We also report several lines of SiO, HN13C and H13CO+ toward new
positions around this outflow, to investigate the spatial extent of the
over-excitation of the ions in L1448-mm. From the isotopologue observations, we
find that the emission of H13CO+ and HN13C from the precursor is optically thin
if this emission is extended. Using the new collisional coefficients, an
electron density enhancement is still needed to explain the excitation of
H13CO+ for extended emission and for gas temperatures of\le 400 K toward
L1448-mm (0,-10), and possibly also toward L1448-mm (0,0). For compact emission
the data cannot be fitted. We do not find any evidence for the over-excitation
of the ion fluid toward the newly observed positions around L1448-mm.
The observed line emission of SiO, H13CO+ and HN13C toward L1448-mm (0,0) and
(0,-10) is consistent with an electron density enhancement in the precursor
component, if this emission is spatially extended. This is also true for the
case of high gas temperatures (\le400 K) toward the (0,-10) offset. The
electron density enhancement seems to be restricted to the southern, redshifted
lobe of the L1448-mm outflow. Interferometric images of the line emission of
these molecules are needed to confirm the spatial extent of the over-excitation
of the ions and thus, of the electron density enhancement in the magnetic
precursor of L1448-mm.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 9 pages, 3 figure
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