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Transcription Factor FoxO1 Is Essential for Enamel Biomineralization
The Transforming growth factor ฮฒ (Tgf-ฮฒ) pathway, by signaling via the activation of Smad transcription factors, induces the expression of many diverse downstream target genes thereby regulating a vast array of cellular events essential for proper development and homeostasis. In order for a specific cell type to properly interpret the Tgf-ฮฒ signal and elicit a specific cellular response, cell-specific transcriptional co-factors often cooperate with the Smads to activate a discrete set of genes in the appropriate temporal and spatial manner. Here, via a conditional knockout approach, we show that mice mutant for Forkhead Box O transcription factor FoxO1 exhibit an enamel hypomaturation defect which phenocopies that of the Smad3 mutant mice. Furthermore, we determined that both the FoxO1 and Smad3 mutant teeth exhibit changes in the expression of similar cohort of genes encoding enamel matrix proteins required for proper enamel development. These data raise the possibility that FoxO1 and Smad3 act in concert to regulate a common repertoire of genes necessary for complete enamel maturation. This study is the first to define an essential role for the FoxO family of transcription factors in tooth development and provides a new molecular entry point which will allow researchers to delineate novel genetic pathways regulating the process of biomineralization which may also have significance for studies of human tooth diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta
Transcription factors Foxo3a and Foxo1 couple the E3 ligase Cbl-b to the induction of Foxp3 expression in induced regulatory T cells
The transcription factor Foxp3 is essential for optimal regulatory T (T reg) cell development and function. Here, we show that CD4+ T cells from Cbl-b RING finger mutant knockin or Cbl-bโdeficient mice show impaired TGF-ฮฒโinduced Foxp3 expression. These T cells display augmented Foxo3a phosphorylation, but normal TGF-ฮฒ signaling. Expression of Foxo3a rescues Foxp3 expression in Cbl-bโdeficient T cells, and Foxo3a deficiency results in defective TGF-ฮฒโdriven Foxp3 induction. A Foxo3a-binding motif is present in a proximal region of the Foxp3 promoter, and is required for Foxo3a association. Foxo1 exerts similar effects as Foxo3a on Foxp3 expression. This study reveals that Foxo factors promote transcription of the Foxp3 gene in induced T reg cells, and thus provides new mechanistic insight into Foxo-mediated T cell regulation
25th annual computational neuroscience meeting: CNS-2016
The same neuron may play different functional roles in the neural circuits to which it belongs. For example, neurons in the Tritonia pedal ganglia may participate in variable phases of the swim motor rhythms [1]. While such neuronal functional variability is likely to play a major role the delivery of the functionality of neural systems, it is difficult to study it in most nervous systems. We work on the pyloric rhythm network of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) [2]. Typically network models of the STG treat neurons of the same functional type as a single model neuron (e.g. PD neurons), assuming the same conductance parameters for these neurons and implying their synchronous firing [3, 4]. However, simultaneous recording of PD neurons shows differences between the timings of spikes of these neurons. This may indicate functional variability of these neurons. Here we modelled separately the two PD neurons of the STG in a multi-neuron model of the pyloric network. Our neuron models comply with known correlations between conductance parameters of ionic currents. Our results reproduce the experimental finding of increasing spike time distance between spikes originating from the two model PD neurons during their synchronised burst phase. The PD neuron with the larger calcium conductance generates its spikes before the other PD neuron. Larger potassium conductance values in the follower neuron imply longer delays between spikes, see Fig. 17.Neuromodulators change the conductance parameters of neurons and maintain the ratios of these parameters [5]. Our results show that such changes may shift the individual contribution of two PD neurons to the PD-phase of the pyloric rhythm altering their functionality within this rhythm. Our work paves the way towards an accessible experimental and computational framework for the analysis of the mechanisms and impact of functional variability of neurons within the neural circuits to which they belong
๋ฐ์์์ ใ๋์์ ํ๋ ใ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ตํ๊ฐ์น๋ก์์ ํํ์ ์๋ฏธ
1970๋
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ค๋ํ ๊ตญํ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ํ ๋์ํ ์ฌ์
๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด์์ฐ๋์ ๋นํด์ ์ฐ์
ํ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋์ฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋์ ์์ธ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์ข
ํฉ๋์ฑ
์ด ํ์ํ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ฐ์์์ ใ๋์์ ํ๋
ใ์ ๋ํ๋ ์์ธ์ ๋จ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ตฌํ์ด๋, ์ถ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ด๋ณด๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋, ์์ธ์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ง์
ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์๋ง์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ตฐ์์ ์๋ง์ด ์ง๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก, ์ด ๋์๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ ๋๊ตฌ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ํ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๊ธ์์๋ ๋์์ ์ ์
๋ ํํ๊ฐ์น์ ํน์ง๊ณผ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๅฏ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋๊ตฌ์ธ์ง์ ๋ํด์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์๋ค. ํํ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ์ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ถ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธก๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ด๊ณ๊น์ง ๊ธ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ก ์ธก๋ํด ๋ณผ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์์ค ๋
๋ฒ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
ใ๋์์ ํ๋
ใ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ โ์์์ ์ฅ์ฌโ๋ ๋จน๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ์ํ ์์กด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ํ์
๋ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋์์ฅ์์ โ์์์ ์ฅ์ฌโ๋ ์ค์ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ค ์ง์
๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ค๋ช
๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋
ธ๋์ ํํ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ํต๊ณํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กํ์ง ์๋ ์ํ๋ ๋งค๋งค์ถ ์ฌ์
์ ํตํด ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ค์ด๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์, ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋จ์ง ์์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์๊ณก๋ ์กฐ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ถ์ ํ ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ํํผ์ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ธฐํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฝ์ฐฝํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ํธ์คํ๊ฐ ๊ธ์๋๋ก ํผ์ง ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋, ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฒ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ด ๋์ด ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ค์ ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ์์๋ ๋น๊ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์กํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํต๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๋ฉด์๋ก ๋์ด๋ด์ด ์์ค์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก ๋ถํ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ โ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฒ์ดโ๊ฐ ์์ค์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ฒ์ด๋ค์ธ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ ์ํฌ ์ฑ์ฅ ๋๋ ฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์ค์์ ํํ๊ฐ์น๋ก์ ์ฌ๋จ๋ ์ถ์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ฏธ์ํ ์ฃ๋๋ก ์ฆ๋ช
๋๊ณ ์๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐ๋ ์ข
์ข
๋ฌป๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ณดํธ์ ์ธ ์ํธ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋๋ฑํ ๋ ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์นํ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ์์ค์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํ์๋ก์์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ณต๊น์ง ๋ด๋ณดํด ์ฃผ์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ใ๋์์ ํ๋
ใ์์ ์ด๋ชจ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ์ฅ์์ ์์๋ ์๊ณต์ฃผ ์ฅ์ฌ, ๋น์ง์์ ๋น๋จ์ด๋ถ์ ํ์ณ์ ์์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฎ์ด์ฃผ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ โ๋ชจ์ฑ์ โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋ ์ฐฉ๊ฐ, ์ํฌ์ ์๋ฅ์ธต ์ธํ
๋ฆฌ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฐฉ, ์ง์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฒ๊ด ์์ฌํธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ฌ์๋ก ๋ค์ด์ํ๋ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํํ๊ฐ์น์ ๋ํ ๋๊ฐํจ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ, ์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ์ง๊ณผ ํน์ฑ์ ๋จ์ง ์๋์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ํ์คํ์ํค๋ ๊ตํ ๊ฐ์น๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค.
์๋ณธ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ง๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์์ง ์์ค์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ํ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ซ๋ ์์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์์ด๋ฌ๋ํ๋ค. โ์๋ก์ด ๋ฒ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฒผ๋ฝ์น๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ถ์๋๋ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ผโ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฝ์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ก์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฒจ์ํ ์๋ณธ ์์ฅ์์ ์ข์ ๋จ์ ์ฌ์คํ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ์์๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ํ์์ โ๋์ด ๊ทํ๋ค๋ ๊ฑธ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง, ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทํ ๊ฑธ๋ก ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ง ์์๊ณ , ํ์ฌ๋ ๋์ ์ํ์ด ๋งบํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋์ ์ฐ์ฐํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ ๊น๋ดโ ๋ฐ์์, ใ์ด๋ ์ฐ์ธํ ์์นจใ, ใ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ต๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋คใ, ๋ฌธํ๋๋ค, 2017, 142๋ฉด.
์ ์ ๊ธ๊ธํ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด์ 1970๋
๋ ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฝ์ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ใ๋์์ ํ๋
ใ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ช
๋ฏผํ๊ฒ ์ฝ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ค.2
Critical role of sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced signaling in vascular endothelial cell migration and vascular stabilization
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a platelet-derived bioactive lipid, is a potent regulator of angiogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in S1P-induced angiogenic responses are not defined. Therefore we investigated the role of S1P-induced signaling in two critical steps of angiogenesis, endothelial cell (EC) migration and subsequent vascular stabilization by investment of mural cells. S1P-induced EC migration is mediated through S1P1 and S1P3 as respective antisense oligonucleotides potently inhibited the response. Both receptors activate Rho and Rac small GTPases. Inhibition of Rho by C3 blocks S1P-induced EC attachment, spreading, and migration, suggesting S1P signaling via Rho is important for cell migration. S1P induced Rho-dependent integrin ฮฑvฮฒ3 and ฮฒ1 activation, leading to effective cell migration and morphogenesis in 3D-fibrin matrix. Upon formation of new blood vessels, the integrity and stability of vasculature develops by the support and interaction with mural cells. Destabilization of mature vessels is often observed in cancer and vascular diseases. Therefore, we investigated the molecular basis of S1P-induced vascular stabilization. S1P activation of SIP1 induced activation and cell-surface trafficking of N-cadherin and it was required for proper EC-mural cell interaction. The activation of S1P1/Gi/Rac axis induced rapid polymerization of microtubules which delivers N-cadherin to polarized microdomains on the apical surface of EC. The strength of N-cadherin-dependent adhesion is further enhanced by regulated phosphorylation of p120ctn and N-cadherin by S1P1 signaling in EC. Furthermore N-cadherin forms an intracellular protein complex including catenins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, cortactin and ฮฒ3 integrin. Perturbation of N-cadherin expression with small interfering RNA attenuated vascular stabilization in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms uncovered in the current study may be useful to control angiogenesis and vessel stability during the disease progression and the development of novel approaches in therapeutic angiogenesis.
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